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! style="padding: 0 5px; font-size: 85%; background: #A8A8A8" align=center| {{fontcolor|#2B3B44|Nocturia Resident Survival Guide Microchapters}}
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Nocturia resident survival guide#Overview|Overview]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Nocturia resident survival guide#Causes|Causes]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Nocturia resident survival guide#Diagnosis|Diagnosis]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Nocturia resident survival guide#Treatment|Treatment]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Nocturia resident survival guide#Do's|Do's]]
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! style="font-size: 80%; padding: 0 5px; background: #DCDCDC" align=left | [[Nocturia resident survival guide#Don'ts|Don'ts]]
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==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of Nocturia according the guidelines.<ref name="pmid31586470">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP, Everaert K| title=Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria. | journal=Urology | year= 2019 | volume= 133S | issue=  | pages= 24-33 | pmid=31586470 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.022 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31586470  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31707521">{{cite journal| author=Gordon DJ, Emeruwa CJ, Weiss JP| title=Management Strategies for Nocturia. | journal=Curr Urol Rep | year= 2019 | volume= 20 | issue= 11 | pages= 75 | pmid=31707521 | doi=10.1007/s11934-019-0940-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31707521  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29427214">{{cite journal| author=Andersson KE, Van Kerrebroeck P| title=Pharmacotherapy for Nocturia. | journal=Curr Urol Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 8 | pmid=29427214 | doi=10.1007/s11934-018-0750-y | pmc=5807446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29427214  }}</ref>
Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of Nocturia according the guidelines.<ref name="pmid31586470">{{cite journal| author=Weiss JP, Everaert K| title=Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria. | journal=Urology | year= 2019 | volume= 133S | issue=  | pages= 24-33 | pmid=31586470 | doi=10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.022 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31586470  }}</ref><ref name="pmid31707521">{{cite journal| author=Gordon DJ, Emeruwa CJ, Weiss JP| title=Management Strategies for Nocturia. | journal=Curr Urol Rep | year= 2019 | volume= 20 | issue= 11 | pages= 75 | pmid=31707521 | doi=10.1007/s11934-019-0940-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31707521  }}</ref><ref name="pmid29427214">{{cite journal| author=Andersson KE, Van Kerrebroeck P| title=Pharmacotherapy for Nocturia. | journal=Curr Urol Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 8 | pmid=29427214 | doi=10.1007/s11934-018-0750-y | pmc=5807446 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29427214  }}</ref>
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}{{familytree ||| -| | | | | A01 |A01=Start with Conservative Treatment:
 
{{familytree/start |summary=PE diagnosis Algorithm.}}{{familytree | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | |A01=Start with Conservative Treatment:


- First, educate the patient about the nature of his disease by drawing flowcharts or simple diagrams.
- First, educate the patient about the nature of his disease by drawing flowcharts or simple diagrams.
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- avoid sugary food and coffee before bedtime
- avoid sugary food and coffee before bedtime


-Manage use of diuretics
-Manage the use of diuretics


-If previous illness leads to nocturia, then treating that illness will surely help. It's important to treat diabetes,  an enlarged prostate (BPH), congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and/or high blood pressure. Changing the timing and dose of prescribed medication may also help sometimes. Always look into the patient's previous records.
-If previous illness leads to nocturia, then treating that illness will surely help. It's important to treat diabetes,  an enlarged prostate (BPH), congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and/or high blood pressure. Changing the timing and dose of prescribed medication may also help sometimes. Always look into the patient's previous records.
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-Elastic compression stockings prevent fluid build-up. So the use of compression stockings can be helpful.
-Elastic compression stockings prevent fluid build-up. So the use of compression stockings can be helpful.


-Increase compliance determines the success of treatment, }} {{familytree | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
-Increase compliance determines the success of treatment, }}
{{familytree | | | B01 | | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=Successful |B02=Failed }}
{{familytree | | | | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|.| | | }}
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | B01 | | | | | | | B02 | | |B01=Successful |B02=Failed }}
{{familytree | | | C01 | | | | | | | | |!| |C01=-Follow-up visits are scheduled every 1 to 2 weeks if the patient's condition is stable and he is responding to conservative therapy }}
{{familytree | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | |,|-|^|.| | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | C01 | | | | | | | |!| |C01=-Follow-up visits are scheduled every 1 to 2 weeks if the patient's condition is stable and he is responding to conservative therapy }}
{{familytree | D01 | | D02 | | | | | | D03 |D01=At some point Patients stops responding to behavioral modifications |D02=-Continue conservative treatments till it works |D03=If lifestyle changes alone don't help with your nocturia, some medicines may help. }}
{{familytree | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | |!| | | | | | | | | |!|||.| }}
{{familytree | | | D01 | | D02 | | | | | D03 |D01=At some point Patients stops responding to behavioral modifications |D02=-Continue conservative treatments till it works |D03=If lifestyle changes alone don't help with your nocturia, some medicines may help. }}
{{familytree | E01 | | | | | | | E02 | | ||E01=-Start Medical Intervention.
{{familytree | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | E01 | | | | | | | | | E02 | | ||E01=-Start Medical Intervention.


-If patient experience bed-wetting, he can keep himself and his bed dry by using different products For example, waterproof mattress covers, absorbent briefs and skincare products. |E02=Medicines to help the kidneys produce less urine. For example, Desmopressin,  
-If the patient experiences bed-wetting, he can keep himself and his bed dry by using different products, for example, waterproof mattress covers, absorbent briefs, and skincare products. |E02=Medicines to help the kidneys produce less urine. For example, Desmopressin,  


Anticholinergic medicines to treat bladder muscle problems. for example: Darifenacin, Oxybutynin, Tolterodine.
Anticholinergic medicines to treat bladder muscle problems. for example Darifenacin, Oxybutynin, Tolterodine.


a-Adrenergic agonists: Increases urethral closure pressure. it includes Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine.
a-Adrenergic agonists: Increases urethral closure pressure. it includes Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine.
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Women experiencing stress incontinence can use estrogen creams. }}
Women experiencing stress incontinence can use estrogen creams. }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | |!| }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | |F01=Some patients who are refractory to behavioral and pharmacologic therapies respond to FES. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) increasing pelvic floor muscle and urethral striated muscle contractility. }}
{{familytree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | F01 | | | |F01=Some patients who are refractory to behavioral and pharmacologic therapies respond to FES. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) increasing pelvic floor muscle and urethral striated muscle contractility. }}
{{familytree/end}}
{{familytree/end}}


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*Take afternoon naps.
*Take afternoon naps.
*Maintain a healthy weight, as excess weight can put pressure on the bladder.
*Maintain a healthy weight, as excess weight can put pressure on the bladder.
*Avoid beverages and stimulants with caffeine and alcohol after evening.
*Avoid beverages and stimulants with caffeine and alcohol after the evening.
*Do perform voiding diary in patient complaining of Nocturia.
*Do perform voiding diary inpatient complaining of Nocturia.
*To find the underlying etiology of disease, frequency volume chart is helpful in diagnoses.
*To find the underlying etiology of disease, a frequency volume chart is helpful in diagnoses.
*Drink fewer liquids during the evening and before bed.
*Drink fewer liquids during the evening and before bed.
*Make a food diary to manage what must change in patient's diet.
*Make a food diary to manage what must change in the patient's diet.


==Don'ts==
==Don'ts==
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Latest revision as of 23:15, 30 July 2021

Nocturia Resident Survival Guide Microchapters
Overview
Causes
Diagnosis
Treatment
Do's
Don'ts

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

Waking up multiple times during night to urinate is termed as Nocturia. It can be caused by simple increased fluid intake, as consequence of other medical illness or intrinsically overactive bladder. If a patients presents with night time increase urine frequency ask him about his intake of fluids, cardiovascular factors (like hypertension, diabetes, obesity, heart failure) , sleep ( restless leg, OSA ), and patient is an old women menopause can be a contributing factor. It isn't a medical emergency but by simple life style changes and treatment of comorbidities patient can feel better. But if not treated properly it can result in fatigue, memory deficits, depression, increased risk of heart disease, gastrointestinal disorders, and, at times, traumatic injury through falls. Waking up multiple times disturb sleep and healthy sleep is important for a healthy body and active life.[1]Nocturia without underlying medical conditions is called as Nocturnal Polyuria syndrome and is thought be the result of impaired circadian release of endogenous arginine vasopressin. The synthetic form of vasopressin like desmopressin is used for the treatment of Nocturia.[2]

Causes

Common Causes

  • Hormonal imbalance which may leads to:
    • Global polyuria
    • Nocturnal polyuria
  • Vesical problems which includes bladder storage disorders:
    • Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
    • Neurogenic bladder dysfunction
    • Learned voiding dysfunction
    • Anxiety disorders
Common Factors[3][4] Diseases Associated with Nocturia
Old Age Men: BPH

Women: Interstitial cystitis, menopause, bladder prolapse, pelvic organ prolapse

Endocrine Diabetes Mellitus, diabetes insipidus, High blood pressure.
Cardiovascular Congestive heart failure, Heart disease, vascular disease, Edema in the lower limbs, or leg swelling
Genito-urinary Bladder obstruction (stones), inflammation, or other problems that affect bladder capacity (like bladder surgery or fibrosis from radiation), Overactive bladder symptoms, Prostate obstruction, Vaginal prolapse, Menopause, Childbirth, Reduced bladder capacity, Interstitial cystitis
Sleep disorders insomnia, sleep apnea, Restless leg syndrome
Timing or dose of medicines Diuretic medicine (water pills), cardiac glycosides, demeclocycline, lithium, methoxyflurane, phenytoin, propoxyphene, and excessive vitamin D
uricosuric agents Increase and night time caffeine or alcohol Intake
Renal CKD, Infections, hypercalcemia, kidney stones
Hepatic hepatic failure
CNS Parkinson Disease, stroke, neurogenic bladder, Multiple sclerosis
psychiatirc anxiety disorders, learned voiding dysfunction, psychogenic polydipsia
Gastrointestinal certain pancreatic cancer

Diagnosis

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Urinary frequency volume chart
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Reduced urinary frequency
 
 
24hr Polydipsia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24HR Urine volume
 
 
Nocturnal urine volume
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
May have reduced bladder capacity
 
 
Increased fluid intake
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Global polyuria
 
 
Nocturnal polyuria
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Check for primary or secondary bladder disorders which include:
  • Post void residual volume
  • Urinalysis
  • Uroflowmetry
  • Urodynamic studies
  • Bladder biopsies
 
 
Check for:
  • Diabetes Insipidus
  • Diabetes Mellitus
  • Amount of fluid intake
  • Type of fluid intake
  •  
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     

    Treatment

    Shown below is an algorithm summarizing the treatment of Nocturia according the guidelines.[5][6][7]

     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Start with Conservative Treatment:

    - First, educate the patient about the nature of his disease by drawing flowcharts or simple diagrams.

    - Restrict fluid intake at night.

    - avoid sugary food and coffee before bedtime

    -Manage the use of diuretics

    -If previous illness leads to nocturia, then treating that illness will surely help. It's important to treat diabetes, an enlarged prostate (BPH), congestive heart failure, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and/or high blood pressure. Changing the timing and dose of prescribed medication may also help sometimes. Always look into the patient's previous records.

    -Scheduled voiding at timed intervals, varying from 15 min to 1 h, based on the patient’s own frequency or incontinence intervals

    - Make a record of their voiding during day and night.

    -Do pelvic muscle strengthening exercises (contracting pelvic floor muscles) to suppress urgency.

    -Elastic compression stockings prevent fluid build-up. So the use of compression stockings can be helpful.

    -Increase compliance determines the success of treatment,
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Successful
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Failed
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    -Follow-up visits are scheduled every 1 to 2 weeks if the patient's condition is stable and he is responding to conservative therapy
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    At some point Patients stops responding to behavioral modifications
     
    -Continue conservative treatments till it works
     
     
     
     
    If lifestyle changes alone don't help with your nocturia, some medicines may help.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    -Start Medical Intervention. -If the patient experiences bed-wetting, he can keep himself and his bed dry by using different products, for example, waterproof mattress covers, absorbent briefs, and skincare products.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Medicines to help the kidneys produce less urine. For example, Desmopressin,

    Anticholinergic medicines to treat bladder muscle problems. for example Darifenacin, Oxybutynin, Tolterodine.

    a-Adrenergic agonists: Increases urethral closure pressure. it includes Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine.

    Antispasmodic like Baclofen

    Botulinum toxin

    Tricyclic antidepressant: Imipramine, Amitriptyline

    Diuretic medicines to regulate urine production and high blood pressure. For example, Bumetanide, Furosemide

    Women experiencing stress incontinence can use estrogen creams.
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
     
    Some patients who are refractory to behavioral and pharmacologic therapies respond to FES. Functional electrical stimulation (FES) increasing pelvic floor muscle and urethral striated muscle contractility.
     
     
     

    Do's

    • Take afternoon naps.
    • Maintain a healthy weight, as excess weight can put pressure on the bladder.
    • Avoid beverages and stimulants with caffeine and alcohol after the evening.
    • Do perform voiding diary inpatient complaining of Nocturia.
    • To find the underlying etiology of disease, a frequency volume chart is helpful in diagnoses.
    • Drink fewer liquids during the evening and before bed.
    • Make a food diary to manage what must change in the patient's diet.

    Don'ts

    • Don't confuse Nocturia with overactive bladder. People with Overactive Bladder also experience frequent urination at night and day, but people with Nocturia tend to experience frequent urination at night only.
    • Don't drink water at night or before bed.
    • Don't take stimulant drinks like coffee, tea before bed, they increase urination.
    • Don't start medicine based on your symptoms without consultation. Always consult your doctor before taking any medicine.

    References

    1. Weiss JP (2012). "Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences". Rev Urol. 14 (3–4): 48–55. PMC 3602727. PMID 23526404.
    2. Weiss JP, Monaghan TF, Epstein MR, Lazar JM (2019). "Future Considerations in Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria". Urology. 133S: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.06.014. PMID 31233816.
    3. Weiss JP (2012). "Nocturia: focus on etiology and consequences". Rev Urol. 14 (3–4): 48–55. PMC 3602727. PMID 23526404.
    4. Weiss JP, Monaghan TF, Epstein MR, Lazar JM (2019). "Future Considerations in Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria". Urology. 133S: 34–42. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.06.014. PMID 31233816.
    5. Weiss JP, Everaert K (2019). "Management of Nocturia and Nocturnal Polyuria". Urology. 133S: 24–33. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2019.09.022. PMID 31586470.
    6. Gordon DJ, Emeruwa CJ, Weiss JP (2019). "Management Strategies for Nocturia". Curr Urol Rep. 20 (11): 75. doi:10.1007/s11934-019-0940-2. PMID 31707521.
    7. Andersson KE, Van Kerrebroeck P (2018). "Pharmacotherapy for Nocturia". Curr Urol Rep. 19 (1): 8. doi:10.1007/s11934-018-0750-y. PMC 5807446. PMID 29427214.