Necrotizing fasciitis historical perspective: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Necrotizing fasciitis was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. as the complication of [[erysipelas]].<ref name="pmid7914656">{{cite journal| author=Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG| title=Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. | journal=Lancet | year= 1994 | volume= 344 | issue= 8921 | pages= 556 | pmid=7914656 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7914656  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15817551">{{cite journal| author=Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB| title=Necrotising fasciitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2005 | volume= 330 | issue= 7495 | pages= 830-3 | pmid=15817551 | doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7495.830 | pmc=556077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15817551  }} </ref>It was described as "hospital gangrene" by confederate army surgeon Joseph jones.<ref name="pmid14915014">{{cite journal| author=WILSON B| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1952 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-31 | pmid=14915014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14915014  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7031943">{{cite journal| author=Janevicius RV, Hann SE, Batt MD| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1982 | volume= 154 | issue= 1 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7031943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7031943  }} </ref>Meleney reported a series of 20 patients in 1924 as having hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, later called meleney's gangrene.<ref name="pmid24459334">{{cite journal| author=Sadasivan J, Maroju NK, Balasubramaniam A| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Indian J Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 472-8 | pmid=24459334 | doi=10.4103/0970-0358.121978 | pmc=3897089 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24459334  }} </ref>Necrotizing fasciitis of perineum was described in 1883 by the French physician, Jean Alfred Fournier.<ref name="pmid26445600">{{cite journal| author=Chennamsetty A, Khourdaji I, Burks F, Killinger KA| title=Corary diagnosis and management of Fournier's gangrene. | journal=Ther Adv Urol | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-15 | pmid=26445600 | doi=10.1177/1756287215584740 | pmc=4580094 | url=https://www.ontempncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26445600  }} </ref>
Narcotizing fasciitis was first described by [[Hippocrates]] in the fifth century B.C. as the complication of [[erysipelas]].<ref name="pmid7914656">{{cite journal| author=Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG| title=Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. | journal=Lancet | year= 1994 | volume= 344 | issue= 8921 | pages= 556 | pmid=7914656 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7914656  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15817551">{{cite journal| author=Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB| title=Necrotising fasciitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2005 | volume= 330 | issue= 7495 | pages= 830-3 | pmid=15817551 | doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7495.830 | pmc=556077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15817551  }} </ref> During the Civil War, necrotizing fasciitis was described as "hospital gangrene" by Confederate Army surgeon Joseph Jones.<ref name="pmid14915014">{{cite journal| author=WILSON B| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1952 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-31 | pmid=14915014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14915014  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7031943">{{cite journal| author=Janevicius RV, Hann SE, Batt MD| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1982 | volume= 154 | issue= 1 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7031943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7031943  }} </ref> In 1924, Frank L. Meleney reported a series of 20 patients as having [[Streptococcus|hemolytic streptococcal]] [[gangrene]], later called Meleney's gangrene.<ref name="pmid24459334">{{cite journal| author=Sadasivan J, Maroju NK, Balasubramaniam A| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Indian J Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 472-8 | pmid=24459334 | doi=10.4103/0970-0358.121978 | pmc=3897089 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24459334  }} </ref> Necrotizing fasciitis of [[perineum]] was described in 1883 by the French physician [[Jean Alfred Fournier]].<ref name="pmid26445600">{{cite journal| author=Chennamsetty A, Khourdaji I, Burks F, Killinger KA| title=Corary diagnosis and management of Fournier's gangrene. | journal=Ther Adv Urol | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-15 | pmid=26445600 | doi=10.1177/1756287215584740 | pmc=4580094 | url=https://www.ontempncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26445600  }} </ref>


==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
*Necrotizing fasciitis was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. as the complication of [[erysipelas]].<ref name="pmid7914656">{{cite journal| author=Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG| title=Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. | journal=Lancet | year= 1994 | volume= 344 | issue= 8921 | pages= 556 | pmid=7914656 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7914656  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15817551">{{cite journal| author=Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB| title=Necrotising fasciitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2005 | volume= 330 | issue= 7495 | pages= 830-3 | pmid=15817551 | doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7495.830 | pmc=556077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15817551  }} </ref>
*Necrotizing fasciitis was first described by [[Hippocrates]] in the fifth century B.C. as the complication of [[erysipelas]].<ref name="pmid7914656">{{cite journal| author=Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG| title=Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis. | journal=Lancet | year= 1994 | volume= 344 | issue= 8921 | pages= 556 | pmid=7914656 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7914656  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15817551">{{cite journal| author=Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB| title=Necrotising fasciitis. | journal=BMJ | year= 2005 | volume= 330 | issue= 7495 | pages= 830-3 | pmid=15817551 | doi=10.1136/bmj.330.7495.830 | pmc=556077 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15817551  }} </ref>
*It was first described as "Hospital gangrene" during civil war by confederate army surgeon Joseph Jones.<ref name="pmid14915014">{{cite journal| author=WILSON B| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1952 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-31 | pmid=14915014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14915014  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7031943">{{cite journal| author=Janevicius RV, Hann SE, Batt MD| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1982 | volume= 154 | issue= 1 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7031943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7031943  }} </ref>
*During the Civil War, necrotizing faciitis was described as "hospital gangrene" by Confederate Army surgeon Joseph Jones.<ref name="pmid14915014">{{cite journal| author=WILSON B| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1952 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-31 | pmid=14915014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14915014  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7031943">{{cite journal| author=Janevicius RV, Hann SE, Batt MD| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Surg Gynecol Obstet | year= 1982 | volume= 154 | issue= 1 | pages= 97-102 | pmid=7031943 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7031943 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8969999">{{cite journal| author=Quirk WF, Sternbach G| title=Joseph Jones: infection with flesh eating bacteria. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 1996 | volume= 14 | issue= 6 | pages= 747-53 | pmid=8969999 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8969999 }} </ref>
*Meleney reported a series of 20 patients in 1924 as having hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, later called meleney's gangrene.<ref name="pmid24459334">{{cite journal| author=Sadasivan J, Maroju NK, Balasubramaniam A| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Indian J Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 472-8 | pmid=24459334 | doi=10.4103/0970-0358.121978 | pmc=3897089 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24459334  }} </ref>
*In 1924, Frank L. Meleney reported a series of 20 patients as having [[Streptococcus|hemolytic streptococcal]] [[gangrene]], later called Meleney's gangrene.<ref name="pmid24459334">{{cite journal| author=Sadasivan J, Maroju NK, Balasubramaniam A| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Indian J Plast Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 46 | issue= 3 | pages= 472-8 | pmid=24459334 | doi=10.4103/0970-0358.121978 | pmc=3897089 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24459334  }} </ref>
*The association between bacterial infection and necrotizing fasciitis was made in 1918.
*The association between bacterial infection and necrotizing fasciitis was made in 1918.
*In 1952, the disease was named as necrotizing fasciitis by Wilson.<ref name="pmid14915014">{{cite journal| author=WILSON B| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1952 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-31 | pmid=14915014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14915014  }} </ref>
*In 1952, the disease was named as necrotizing fasciitis by Wilson.<ref name="pmid14915014">{{cite journal| author=WILSON B| title=Necrotizing fasciitis. | journal=Am Surg | year= 1952 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= 416-31 | pmid=14915014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14915014  }} </ref>
*Necrotizing fasciitis of perineum was described in 1883 by the French physician, Jean Alfred Fournier.<ref name="pmid26445600">{{cite journal| author=Chennamsetty A, Khourdaji I, Burks F, Killinger KA| title=Contemporary diagnosis and management of Fournier's gangrene. | journal=Ther Adv Urol | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-15 | pmid=26445600 | doi=10.1177/1756287215584740 | pmc=4580094 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26445600  }} </ref>
*Necrotizing fasciitis of [[perineum]] was described in 1883 by the French physician, [[Jean Alfred Fournier]].<ref name="pmid26445600">{{cite journal| author=Chennamsetty A, Khourdaji I, Burks F, Killinger KA| title=Corary diagnosis and management of Fournier's gangrene. | journal=Ther Adv Urol | year= 2015 | volume= 7 | issue= 4 | pages= 203-15 | pmid=26445600 | doi=10.1177/1756287215584740 | pmc=4580094 | url=https://www.ontempncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26445600  }} </ref>
*Guiliano and colleagues divided the necrotizing fasciitis into type I and type II.<ref name="pmid19258208">{{cite journal| author=Krieg A, Röhrborn A, Schulte Am Esch J, Schubert D, Poll LW, Ohmann C et al.| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: microbiological characteristics and predictors of postoperative outcome. | journal=Eur J Med Res | year= 2009 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-6 | pmid=19258208 | doi= | pmc=3352202 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19258208  }} </ref>
*Guiliano and colleagues divided the necrotizing fasciitis into type I and type II.<ref name="pmid19258208">{{cite journal| author=Krieg A, Röhrborn A, Schulte Am Esch J, Schubert D, Poll LW, Ohmann C et al.| title=Necrotizing fasciitis: microbiological characteristics and predictors of postoperative outcome. | journal=Eur J Med Res | year= 2009 | volume= 14 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-6 | pmid=19258208 | doi= | pmc=3352202 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19258208  }} </ref>
*In 1989, Stevens and colleagues were the first to characterize unique clinical characteristics associated with GASNF.<ref name="pmid8903167">{{cite journal| author=Stevens DL| title=Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=8903167 | doi=10.3201/eid0103.950301 | pmc=2626872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8903167  }} </ref>
*In 1989, Stevens and colleagues were the first to characterize unique clinical characteristics associated with [[Streptococcus pyogenes|GAS]]NF.<ref name="pmid8903167">{{cite journal| author=Stevens DL| title=Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 1995 | volume= 1 | issue= 3 | pages= 69-78 | pmid=8903167 | doi=10.3201/eid0103.950301 | pmc=2626872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8903167  }} </ref>
*The soft tissue infections were first classified as either local or spreading by Smith et al.<ref name="pmid9003684">{{cite journal| author=Smith AJ, Daniels T, Bohnen JM| title=Soft tissue infections and the diabetic foot. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 172 | issue= 6A | pages= 7S-12S | pmid=9003684 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9003684  }} </ref>
*The soft tissue infections were first classified as either local or spreading by Smith et al.<ref name="pmid9003684">{{cite journal| author=Smith AJ, Daniels T, Bohnen JM| title=Soft tissue infections and the diabetic foot. | journal=Am J Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 172 | issue= 6A | pages= 7S-12S | pmid=9003684 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9003684  }} </ref>
*The soft tissue infections are classified into either necrotizing or non necrotizing by Lewis and further subdivided these infections into focal or diffuse.<ref name="pmid9451929">{{cite journal| author=Lewis RT| title=Soft tissue infections. | journal=World J Surg | year= 1998 | volume= 22 | issue= 2 | pages= 146-51 | pmid=9451929 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9451929  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 22:56, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Yamuna Kondapally, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Narcotizing fasciitis was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. as the complication of erysipelas.[1][2] During the Civil War, necrotizing fasciitis was described as "hospital gangrene" by Confederate Army surgeon Joseph Jones.[3][4] In 1924, Frank L. Meleney reported a series of 20 patients as having hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, later called Meleney's gangrene.[5] Necrotizing fasciitis of perineum was described in 1883 by the French physician Jean Alfred Fournier.[6]

Historical Perspective

  • Necrotizing fasciitis was first described by Hippocrates in the fifth century B.C. as the complication of erysipelas.[1][2]
  • During the Civil War, necrotizing faciitis was described as "hospital gangrene" by Confederate Army surgeon Joseph Jones.[3][4][7]
  • In 1924, Frank L. Meleney reported a series of 20 patients as having hemolytic streptococcal gangrene, later called Meleney's gangrene.[5]
  • The association between bacterial infection and necrotizing fasciitis was made in 1918.
  • In 1952, the disease was named as necrotizing fasciitis by Wilson.[3]
  • Necrotizing fasciitis of perineum was described in 1883 by the French physician, Jean Alfred Fournier.[6]
  • Guiliano and colleagues divided the necrotizing fasciitis into type I and type II.[8]
  • In 1989, Stevens and colleagues were the first to characterize unique clinical characteristics associated with GASNF.[9]
  • The soft tissue infections were first classified as either local or spreading by Smith et al.[10]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Descamps V, Aitken J, Lee MG (1994). "Hippocrates on necrotising fasciitis". Lancet. 344 (8921): 556. PMID 7914656.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Hasham S, Matteucci P, Stanley PR, Hart NB (2005). "Necrotising fasciitis". BMJ. 330 (7495): 830–3. doi:10.1136/bmj.330.7495.830. PMC 556077. PMID 15817551.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 WILSON B (1952). "Necrotizing fasciitis". Am Surg. 18 (4): 416–31. PMID 14915014.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Janevicius RV, Hann SE, Batt MD (1982). "Necrotizing fasciitis". Surg Gynecol Obstet. 154 (1): 97–102. PMID 7031943.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Sadasivan J, Maroju NK, Balasubramaniam A (2013). "Necrotizing fasciitis". Indian J Plast Surg. 46 (3): 472–8. doi:10.4103/0970-0358.121978. PMC 3897089. PMID 24459334.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Chennamsetty A, Khourdaji I, Burks F, Killinger KA (2015). "Corary diagnosis and management of Fournier's gangrene". Ther Adv Urol. 7 (4): 203–15. doi:10.1177/1756287215584740. PMC 4580094. PMID 26445600.
  7. Quirk WF, Sternbach G (1996). "Joseph Jones: infection with flesh eating bacteria". J Emerg Med. 14 (6): 747–53. PMID 8969999.
  8. Krieg A, Röhrborn A, Schulte Am Esch J, Schubert D, Poll LW, Ohmann C; et al. (2009). "Necrotizing fasciitis: microbiological characteristics and predictors of postoperative outcome". Eur J Med Res. 14 (1): 30–6. PMC 3352202. PMID 19258208.
  9. Stevens DL (1995). "Streptococcal toxic-shock syndrome: spectrum of disease, pathogenesis, and new concepts in treatment". Emerg Infect Dis. 1 (3): 69–78. doi:10.3201/eid0103.950301. PMC 2626872. PMID 8903167.
  10. Smith AJ, Daniels T, Bohnen JM (1996). "Soft tissue infections and the diabetic foot". Am J Surg. 172 (6A): 7S–12S. PMID 9003684.