Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 CT: Difference between revisions
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:* Tend to enhance more on the portal venous phase than the arterial phase | :* Tend to enhance more on the portal venous phase than the arterial phase | ||
* 110 HU of enhancement on the arterial phase is compatible with [[pheochromocytoma]]; hypervascular [[metastases]] could be considered in an appropriate setting | * 110 HU of enhancement on the arterial phase is compatible with [[pheochromocytoma]]; hypervascular [[metastases]] could be considered in an appropriate setting | ||
* It should be noted, that in patients with suspected [[pheochromocytoma]]s contrast may be contraindicated as it could precipitate a [[hypertensive crisis]]. | * It should be noted, that in patients with suspected [[pheochromocytoma]]s contrast may be contraindicated as it could precipitate a [[hypertensive crisis]]. | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Revision as of 03:27, 5 October 2015
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 Microchapters |
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Differentiating Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 from other Diseases |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 CT On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 CT |
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Directions to Hospitals Treating Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 CT |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [5]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [6]
Overview
Neck CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. Findings on CT scan suggestive of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 include irregular dense calcific foci within thyroid.
CT
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma
- Both primary and metastatic lesions usually have irregular dense calcific foci within.[1]
- In the chest, bullae formation and pulmonary fibrosis might happen as a result of a desmoplastic reaction.
Parathyroid Carcinoma
- Three-dimensional single-photon emission CT (SPECT) is used for preoperative preadenoma localization.
- In the past CT was more commonly used in the setting of a failed parathyroidectomy for the detection of suspected ectopic glands (often mediastinal).[2]
- However, in recent years, 4D-CT has emerged as valuable modality especially in the era of minimally invasive parathyroidectomy. This type of surgery requires precise localization with anatomical detail and a confident diagnosis of parathyroid adenoma. 4DCT has been shown to be more sensitive than sonography and scintigraphy for preoperative localisation of parathyroid adenomas.
Enhancement on 4D-CT
- On 4D-CT parathyroid adenomas typically demonstrate intense enhancement on arterial phase, washout of contrast on delayed phase and low attenuation on non-contrast imaging.
- Secondary signs include the following:
- The polar vessel which represents an enlarged feeding artery or draining vein to the hypervascular parathyroid adenoma.
- A larger lesion size increases the confidence of diagnosis.
- Parathyroid adenomas can also have cystic change.
Pheochromocytoma
- CT is the first imaging modality to be used, with an overall sensitivity of 89%. This is on account of 98% of tumors being located within the abdomen and 90% limited to the adrenal glands.[3]
- Usually large, heterogeneous masses with areas of necrosis and cystic change
- They typically enhance avidly[4]
- May wash out similar to an adrenal adenoma, but they tend to have greater enhancement in an arterial or portal venous contrast phase
- Tend to enhance more on the portal venous phase than the arterial phase
- 110 HU of enhancement on the arterial phase is compatible with pheochromocytoma; hypervascular metastases could be considered in an appropriate setting
- It should be noted, that in patients with suspected pheochromocytomas contrast may be contraindicated as it could precipitate a hypertensive crisis.
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![Pheochromocytoma Image courtesy of Dr Paresh K Desai[5]](/images/7/7e/Pheochromocytoma_CT.jpg)
Pheochromocytoma Image courtesy of Dr Paresh K Desai[5]
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![Pheochromocytoma Image courtesy of Dr Frank Gaillard[6]](/images/0/01/Pheochromocytoma_CT_2.jpg)
Pheochromocytoma Image courtesy of Dr Frank Gaillard[6]
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![Image courtesy of Dr Roberto Schubert[7]](/images/0/08/Pheochromocytoma_CT_04.jpg)
Image courtesy of Dr Roberto Schubert[7]
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![Image courtesy of Dr Nafisa Shakir Batta.[8]](/images/c/c5/Pheochromocytoma_CT_05.jpg)
Image courtesy of Dr Nafisa Shakir Batta.[8]
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![Spiral abdominopelvic CT scan (with contrast). The report was as follows. Multiple calcified and noncalcified lesions in liver are seen (metastasis should be considered). Some of the small bowel loops have thickened wall. Mild right side hydronephrosis is present. Anterior abdominal wall fistula is depicted. A few small paraaortic lymphnodes are seen. Mild left side pleural effusion and massive ascites were also noted.[9]](/images/6/6d/Metastasis_in_MEN_2.jpg)
Spiral abdominopelvic CT scan (with contrast). The report was as follows. Multiple calcified and noncalcified lesions in liver are seen (metastasis should be considered). Some of the small bowel loops have thickened wall. Mild right side hydronephrosis is present. Anterior abdominal wall fistula is depicted. A few small paraaortic lymphnodes are seen. Mild left side pleural effusion and massive ascites were also noted.[9]
![Pheochromocytoma Image courtesy of Dr Paresh K Desai[5]](/index.php/File:Pheochromocytoma_CT.jpg)
![Pheochromocytoma Image courtesy of Dr Frank Gaillard[6]](/index.php/File:Pheochromocytoma_CT_2.jpg)
![Image courtesy of Dr Roberto Schubert[7]](/index.php/File:Pheochromocytoma_CT_04.jpg)
![Image courtesy of Dr Nafisa Shakir Batta.[8]](/index.php/File:Pheochromocytoma_CT_05.jpg)
![Spiral abdominopelvic CT scan (with contrast). The report was as follows. Multiple calcified and noncalcified lesions in liver are seen (metastasis should be considered). Some of the small bowel loops have thickened wall. Mild right side hydronephrosis is present. Anterior abdominal wall fistula is depicted. A few small paraaortic lymphnodes are seen. Mild left side pleural effusion and massive ascites were also noted.[9]](/index.php/File:Metastasis_in_MEN_2.jpg)
References
- ↑ McCook TA, Putman CE, Dale JK, Wells SA (1982). "Review: Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid: radiographic features of a unique tumor". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 139 (1): 149–55. doi:10.2214/ajr.139.1.149. PMID 7046403.
- ↑ Johnson NA, Tublin ME, Ogilvie JB (2007). "Parathyroid imaging: technique and role in the preoperative evaluation of primary hyperparathyroidism". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 188 (6): 1706–15. doi:10.2214/AJR.06.0938. PMID 17515397.
- ↑ Blake, Michael (2009). Adrenal imaging. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. ISBN 193411586X.
- ↑ Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, Sahani DV, Sweeney AT, Mueller PR; et al. (2004). "Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chameleon". Radiographics. 24 Suppl 1: S87–99. doi:10.1148/rg.24si045506. PMID 15486252.
- ↑ Image courtesy of Dr Paresh K Desai. Radiopaedia (original file[1]).Creative Commons BY-SA-NC
- ↑ Image courtesy of Dr Frank Gaillard. Radiopaedia (original file[2]).Creative Commons BY-SA-NC
- ↑ Image courtesy of Dr Roberto Schubert. Radiopaedia (original file[3]).Creative Commons BY-SA-NC
- ↑ Image courtesy of Dr Nafisa Shakir Batta. Radiopaedia (original file[4]).Creative Commons BY-SA-NC
- ↑ Shahnazari, Banafshe; Aghamaleki, Aria; Larijani, Bagher; Mohajeri Tehrani, Mohammad Reza; Rafati, Hasan; Babamahmoodi, Abdolreza (2012). "A Case of Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2B and Gangliomatosis of Gastrointestinal Tract". Case Reports in Medicine. 2012: 1–4. doi:10.1155/2012/491054. ISSN 1687-9627.