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==<big>Overview</big>==
==<big>Overview</big>==
[[Menopause]] is natural [[amenorrhea]] that is happened without any [[pathological]] causes, but [[premature menopause]]/[https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early early menopause] is caused by  [[pathological]] [[diseases]] in [[ovaries]] and other [[organs]] such as [[premature ovarian failure]] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency, POI)],  [[Adrenal insufficiency]], type1 [[diabetes mellitus]], [[Autoimmune thyroid diseases|autoimmune thyroid disease]], [[Fanconi anemia|Fanconi’s anemia]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], and [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome]. [[Cardiovascular disease]] and [[Osteoporosis|osteoporosis]] are most important [[conditions]] associated with [[menopause]]. [[Women]] who had [[genetic disorders]] ( [[Fragile X syndrome]], [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome])  more pronable to [https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early early menopause]. The [[histopathological]] analysis include [[ovaries]]'s [[cortex]] becomes thinner and it has fewer [[Follicle|follicles]] and the [[medulla|medull]][[medulla|a]] develops  [[fibrosis]] and [[scars]]. Decrease of [[ciliated]] [[cells]] of  [[Fallopian tubes]] and [[Uterus]] and [[atrophy]] of  [[Vagina|vaginal mucosal layer]] .  
[[Menopause]] is natural [[amenorrhea]] that is happened without any [[pathological]] causes, but [[premature menopause]]/[https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early early menopause] is caused by  [[pathological]] [[diseases]] in [[ovaries]] and other [[organs]] such as [[premature ovarian failure]] ([https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ Primary ovarian insufficiency, POI)],  [[Adrenal insufficiency]], type1 [[diabetes mellitus]], [[Autoimmune thyroid diseases|autoimmune thyroid disease]], [[Fanconi anemia|Fanconi’s anemia]], and [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]]. [[Cardiovascular disease]] and [[Osteoporosis|osteoporosis]] are most important [[conditions]] associated with [[menopause]]. [[Women]] who had [[genetic disorders]] ( [[Fragile X syndrome]], [https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/turner-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20360782#:~:text=Overview,to%20develop%20and%20heart%20defects. Turner’s syndrome])  more prone able to [https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early early menopause]. The [[histopathological]] analysis include [[ovaries]]'s [[cortex]] becomes thinner and it has fewer [[Follicle|follicles]] and the [[medulla|medull]][[medulla|a]] develops  [[fibrosis]] and [[scars]]. Decrease of [[ciliated]] [[cells]] of  [[Fallopian tubes]] and [[Uterus]]. And [[atrophy]] of  [[Vagina|vaginal mucosal layer]] .  


==<big>Pathophysiology</big>==
==<big>Pathophysiology</big>==


====<big>Physiological menopause</big>====
===Physiological menopause===


*[[Menopause]] happens normally as [[women]] [[age]] and the main cause of the [[menopause]] is the natural shortage of the primordial follicles ([[oocytes]]) that stored in the [[ovaries]] and the decrease of the response of [[ovaries]] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormones] that include [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]] ([[FSH]]) and [[Luteinizing Hormone]]([[LH]]).
*[[Menopause]] happens normally as [[women]] [[age]] and the main cause of the [[menopause]] is the natural shortage of the primordial follicles ([[oocytes]]) that stored in the [[ovaries]] and the decrease of the response of [[ovaries]] to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormones] that include [[Follicle Stimulating Hormone]] ([[FSH]]) and [[Luteinizing Hormone]]([[LH]]).
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*The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormones] is decreased during the [[menopause]] transition result from decreased [[ovarian]] [[feedback]] of [[inhibin]]  and are manifested primarily as elevations in [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] ([[FSH]]).<ref name="pmid951489">{{cite journal| author=Mason AS| title=The menopause: the events of the menopause. | journal=R Soc Health J | year= 1976 | volume= 96 | issue= 2 | pages= 70-1 | pmid=951489 | doi=10.1177/146642407609600208 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=951489  }} </ref>
*The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary%E2%80%93gonadal_axis#:~:text=The%20anterior%20portion%20of%20the,gonads%20produce%20estrogen%20and%20testosterone. anterior pituitary gonads hormones] is decreased during the [[menopause]] transition result from decreased [[ovarian]] [[feedback]] of [[inhibin]]  and are manifested primarily as elevations in [[follicle-stimulating hormone]] ([[FSH]]).<ref name="pmid951489">{{cite journal| author=Mason AS| title=The menopause: the events of the menopause. | journal=R Soc Health J | year= 1976 | volume= 96 | issue= 2 | pages= 70-1 | pmid=951489 | doi=10.1177/146642407609600208 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=951489  }} </ref>


====<big>Pathological menopause</big>====
===Premature menopause===
[[Premature menopause]]/[https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early early menopause] is caused by several [[pathological]] [[diseases]] include:  
[[Premature menopause]]/[https://www.healthline.com/health/menopause/causes-early early menopause] is caused by several [[pathological]] [[diseases]] include:  


*[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in ovaries include [[premature ovarian failure]] termed as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)]. It is the loss of [[ovarian]] function lead to [[amenorrhea]] because of [[ovarian failure]] to respond for [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/endocrine-glands/#:~:text=Endocrine%20system%3A%20gonads%20and%20their,prepare%20the%20body%20for%20childbirth. gonads hormone] ( [[FSH]], [[LH]]) and deficiency production of [[estrogen]] and [[Progesterone|progesterone hormone]].
*[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in ovaries include [[premature ovarian failure]] termed as [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2762081/ primary ovarian insufficiency (POI)]. It is the loss of [[ovarian]] function lead to [[amenorrhea]] because of [[ovarian failure]] to respond for [https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/endocrine-glands/#:~:text=Endocrine%20system%3A%20gonads%20and%20their,prepare%20the%20body%20for%20childbirth. gonads hormone] ( [[FSH]], [[LH]]) and deficiency production of [[estrogen]] and [[Progesterone|progesterone hormone]].
*[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in other [[organs]] such as  [[Adrenal insufficiency]], type1 [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Autoimmune thyroid diseases|Autoimmune thyroid disease]], [[Fanconi anemia|Fanconi’s anemia]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] due to [[17α-hydroxylase|17''α''-hydroxylase]] deficiency.<ref name="pmid27377497">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C| title=Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2016 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-7 | pmid=27377497 | doi=10.4103/0971-5916.184283 | pmc=4928547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27377497  }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337  }} </ref>
*[[Pathological]] [[disease]] in other [[organs]] such as  [[Adrenal insufficiency]], type1 [[Diabetes mellitus]], [[Autoimmune thyroid diseases|Autoimmune thyroid disease]], [[Fanconi anemia|Fanconi’s anemia]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] due to [[17α-hydroxylase|17''α''-hydroxylase]] deficiency.<ref name="pmid27377497">{{cite journal| author=Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C| title=Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health. | journal=Indian J Med Res | year= 2016 | volume= 143 | issue= 4 | pages= 420-7 | pmid=27377497 | doi=10.4103/0971-5916.184283 | pmc=4928547 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27377497  }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal| author=Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C| title=Premature menopause. | journal=Ann Med Health Sci Res | year= 2013 | volume= 3 | issue= 1 | pages= 90-5 | pmc=3634232 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23634337  }} </ref>




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[[Category:Menstruation]]
[[Category:Menstruation]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
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Latest revision as of 04:21, 22 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Rahmah Al-Edresi, M.D.[2]

Overview

Menopause is natural amenorrhea that is happened without any pathological causes, but premature menopause/early menopause is caused by pathological diseases in ovaries and other organs such as premature ovarian failure (Primary ovarian insufficiency, POI), Adrenal insufficiency, type1 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune thyroid disease, Fanconi’s anemia, and Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis are most important conditions associated with menopause. Women who had genetic disorders ( Fragile X syndrome, Turner’s syndrome) more prone able to early menopause. The histopathological analysis include ovaries's cortex becomes thinner and it has fewer follicles and the medulla develops fibrosis and scars. Decrease of ciliated cells of Fallopian tubes and Uterus. And atrophy of vaginal mucosal layer .

Pathophysiology

Physiological menopause

Premature menopause

Premature menopause/early menopause is caused by several pathological diseases include:


Genetic

There are genetic disorders involved in the premature menopause/early menopause include:

Associated Conditions

The most important Conditions associated with Menopause include:

Microscopic Pathology

On microscopic histopathological analysis of menopause include:





References

  1. Mason AS (1976). "The menopause: the events of the menopause". R Soc Health J. 96 (2): 70–1. doi:10.1177/146642407609600208. PMID 951489.
  2. Hernández-Angeles C, Castelo-Branco C (2016). "Early menopause: A hazard to a woman's health". Indian J Med Res. 143 (4): 420–7. doi:10.4103/0971-5916.184283. PMC 4928547. PMID 27377497.
  3. Okeke T, Anyaehie U, Ezenyeaku C (2013). "Premature menopause". Ann Med Health Sci Res. 3 (1): 90–5. PMC 3634232.
  4. Laml T, Preyer O, Umek W, Hengstschlager M, Hanzal H (2002). "Genetic disorders in premature ovarian failure". Hum Reprod Update. 8 (5): 483–91. doi:10.1093/humupd/8.5.483. PMID 12398227.
  5. Santoro N (2003). "Mechanisms of premature ovarian failure". Ann Endocrinol (Paris). 64 (2): 87–92. PMID 12773939.
  6. Lobo RA, Davis SR, De Villiers TJ, Gompel A, Henderson VW, Hodis HN; et al. (2014). "Prevention of diseases after menopause". Climacteric. 17 (5): 540–56. doi:10.3109/13697137.2014.933411. PMID 24969415.
  7. Zerbinati N, Serati M, Origoni M, Candiani M, Iannitti T, Salvatore S; et al. (2015). "Microscopic and ultrastructural modifications of postmenopausal atrophic vaginal mucosa after fractional carbon dioxide laser treatment". Lasers Med Sci. 30 (1): 429–36. doi:10.1007/s10103-014-1677-2. PMID 25410301.
  8. Makabe S, Motta PM, Naguro T, Vizza E, Perrone G, Zichella L (1998). "Microanatomy of the female reproductive organs in postmenopause by scanning electron microscopy". Climacteric. 1 (1): 63–71. doi:10.3109/13697139809080683. PMID 11907929.


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