Linitis plastica surgery: Difference between revisions

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==Oveview==
==Oveview==
Total [[gastrectomy]] is recommended for the management of local disease. However, it is important to note that patients with linitis plastica usually present at an advance stage when metastasis has already occurred, surgery at this point is often not curative but rather to improve the chances of survival. Surgical resection is not recommended among patients with metastatic linitis plastica, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are utilized instead.  
Total [[gastrectomy]] is recommended for the management of local disease. However, it is important to note that patients with linitis plastica usually present at an advanced stage when metastasis has already occurred, surgery at this point is often not curative but rather improves the chances of survival. Surgical resection is not recommended among patients with metastatic linitis plastica, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are utilized instead.  


==Surgery==
==Surgery==
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==== Selection of the surgery ====
==== Selection of the surgery ====
* The standard surgical procedure is total or distal [[gastrectomy]].  
* The standard surgical procedure is total [[gastrectomy]].  
* '''Pancreaticosplenectomy'''  
* '''Pancreaticosplenectomy'''  
**[[Pancreas|Pancreatic]] invasion by tumor requires total [[gastrectomy]] regardless of the [[tumor]] location.  
**[[Pancreas|Pancreatic]] invasion by tumor requires total [[gastrectomy]] regardless of the [[tumor]] location.  
* '''Total gastrectomy with splenectomy'''
* '''Total gastrectomy with splenectomy'''
**It should be considered for [[Tumor|tumors]] that are located along the greater curvature with [[metastasis]] to no. 4 [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]].
**It should be considered for [[Tumor|tumors]] that are located along the greater curvature with [[metastasis]] to 4 or more [[Lymph node|lymph nodes]].


=== Lymph nodes resection ===
=== Lymph nodes resection ===
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* A D2 [[lymphadenectomy]] should be performed whenever nodal involvement is suspected.
* A D2 [[lymphadenectomy]] should be performed whenever nodal involvement is suspected.
'''D3 dissection'''  
'''D3 dissection'''  
* It is a superextended lymphadenectomy. The surgery includes D2 lymphadenectomy plus the removal of '''nodes within the [[porta hepatis]] and periaortic regions.'''<ref name="pmid18669424">{{cite journal| author=Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, Kurokawa Y, Nashimoto A, Kurita A et al.| title=D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 359 | issue= 5 | pages= 453-62 | pmid=18669424 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0707035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18669424  }}</ref>
* It is a superextended lymphadenectomy. The surgery includes D2 lymphadenectomy plus the removal of nodes within the [[porta hepatis]] and periaortic regions.<ref name="pmid18669424">{{cite journal| author=Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, Kurokawa Y, Nashimoto A, Kurita A et al.| title=D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2008 | volume= 359 | issue= 5 | pages= 453-62 | pmid=18669424 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa0707035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18669424  }}</ref>


=== Local palliative preocedures===
=== Local palliative preocedures===
* Therapeutic options to control [[symptoms]] of local [[disease]] progression, such as [[nausea]], [[pain]], [[bleeding]], and [[obstruction]], include [[palliative]] surgical [[resection]], [[surgical]] bypass ([[gastrojejunostomy]]), [[radiation therapy]] (RT), and [[endoscopic]] techniques.
* '''Palliative resection'''
* '''Palliative resection'''
**[[Palliative]] [[gastrectomy]] should be reserved for extreme, highly [[symptomatic]] cases where less invasive methods cannot be used.<ref name="pmid10791239">{{cite journal| author=Kikuchi S, Arai Y, Kobayashi N, Tsukamoto H, Shimao H, Sakakibara Y et al.| title=Is extended lymphadenectomy valuable in palliatively gastrectomized patients with gastric cancer and simultaneous peritoneal metastasis? | journal=Hepatogastroenterology | year= 2000 | volume= 47 | issue= 32 | pages= 563-6 | pmid=10791239 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10791239  }}</ref>
**[[Palliative]] [[gastrectomy]] should be reserved for extreme, highly [[symptomatic]] cases where less invasive methods cannot be used.<ref name="pmid10791239">{{cite journal| author=Kikuchi S, Arai Y, Kobayashi N, Tsukamoto H, Shimao H, Sakakibara Y et al.| title=Is extended lymphadenectomy valuable in palliatively gastrectomized patients with gastric cancer and simultaneous peritoneal metastasis? | journal=Hepatogastroenterology | year= 2000 | volume= 47 | issue= 32 | pages= 563-6 | pmid=10791239 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10791239  }}</ref>

Revision as of 18:27, 12 January 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[2]

Oveview

Total gastrectomy is recommended for the management of local disease. However, it is important to note that patients with linitis plastica usually present at an advanced stage when metastasis has already occurred, surgery at this point is often not curative but rather improves the chances of survival. Surgical resection is not recommended among patients with metastatic linitis plastica, radiotherapy and chemotherapy are utilized instead.

Surgery

  • The surgery of choice in linitis plastica is a total gastrectomy.[1][2]
  • A total gastrectomy is total resection of the stomach including the cardia and pylorus

Selection of the surgery

  • The standard surgical procedure is total gastrectomy.
  • Pancreaticosplenectomy
  • Total gastrectomy with splenectomy

Lymph nodes resection

  • One of the most controversial areas in the surgical management of gastric cancer is the optimal extent of lymph node dissection.[3]
  • The draining lymph nodes for the stomach have been meticulously divided into 16 stations by Japanese surgeons; stations 1 to 6 are perigastric, and the remaining 10 are located adjacent to major vessels, behind the pancreas, and along the aorta.[4]

D1 lymphadenectomy

  • It refers to a dissection of only the perigastric lymph nodes.
  • A D1 lymphadenectomy is indicated for T1a tumors that do not meet the criteria for EMR/ ESD and for T1bN0 tumors that are histologically of differentiated type and 1.5 cm or smaller in diameter.

D2 lymphadenectomy

D3 dissection

  • It is a superextended lymphadenectomy. The surgery includes D2 lymphadenectomy plus the removal of nodes within the porta hepatis and periaortic regions.[5]

Local palliative preocedures

Reconstruction after gastrectomy

Total gastrectomy

  • Roux-en-Y esophagojejunostomy[7]
  • Jejunal interposition
  • Double tract method

Video shows gastrectomy steps

{{#ev:youtube|5rj7M4kZKp0}}


References

  1. Kim JY, Ha TK, le Roux CW (2014). "Metabolic effects of gastrectomy with or without omentectomy in gastric cancer". Hepatogastroenterology. 61 (134): 1830–4. PMID 25436387.
  2. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (2017). "Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines 2014 (ver. 4)". Gastric Cancer. 20 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1007/s10120-016-0622-4. PMC 5215069. PMID 27342689.
  3. Noguchi Y, Yoshikawa T, Tsuburaya A, Motohashi H, Karpeh MS, Brennan MF (2000). "Is gastric carcinoma different between Japan and the United States?". Cancer. 89 (11): 2237–46. PMID 11147594.
  4. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (2011). "Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma: 3rd English edition". Gastric Cancer. 14 (2): 101–12. doi:10.1007/s10120-011-0041-5. PMID 21573743.
  5. Sasako M, Sano T, Yamamoto S, Kurokawa Y, Nashimoto A, Kurita A; et al. (2008). "D2 lymphadenectomy alone or with para-aortic nodal dissection for gastric cancer". N Engl J Med. 359 (5): 453–62. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0707035. PMID 18669424.
  6. Kikuchi S, Arai Y, Kobayashi N, Tsukamoto H, Shimao H, Sakakibara Y; et al. (2000). "Is extended lymphadenectomy valuable in palliatively gastrectomized patients with gastric cancer and simultaneous peritoneal metastasis?". Hepatogastroenterology. 47 (32): 563–6. PMID 10791239.
  7. Xiao JW, Liu ZL, Ye PC, Luo YJ, Fu ZM, Zou Q; et al. (2015). "Clinical comparison of antrum-preserving double tract reconstruction vs roux-en-Y reconstruction after gastrectomy for Siewert types II and III adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction". World J Gastroenterol. 21 (34): 9999–10007. doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i34.9999. PMC 4566393. PMID 26379405.


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