Jaundice historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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* In 1950-1970 viral hepatitis epidemic occurred in China, India and the adjoining region. This happening led to discovery of viral [[hepatitis E]] virus.<ref name="Trepo2014" /> | * In 1950-1970 viral hepatitis epidemic occurred in China, India and the adjoining region. This happening led to discovery of viral [[hepatitis E]] virus.<ref name="Trepo2014" /> | ||
* In 1974, a third virus was discovered that causes [[infectious hepatitis]], other than [[hepatitis A virus]] (HAV) and [[hepatitis B virus]] (HBV). It was named [[NANBH|non-A, non-B hepatitis]] ([[NANBH]]).<ref name="pmid6411832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradley DW, Maynard JE, Popper H, Cook EH, Ebert JW, McCaustland KA, Schable CA, Fields HA |title=Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: physicochemical properties of two distinct agents |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=254–65 |year=1983 |pmid=6411832 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | * In 1974, a third virus was discovered that causes [[infectious hepatitis]], other than [[hepatitis A virus]] (HAV) and [[hepatitis B virus]] (HBV). It was named [[NANBH|non-A, non-B hepatitis]] ([[NANBH]]).<ref name="pmid6411832">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bradley DW, Maynard JE, Popper H, Cook EH, Ebert JW, McCaustland KA, Schable CA, Fields HA |title=Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: physicochemical properties of two distinct agents |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=148 |issue=2 |pages=254–65 |year=1983 |pmid=6411832 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1977 hepatitis D virus was discovered.<ref name="Trepo2014" /> | * In 1977 [[hepatitis D]] virus was discovered.<ref name="Trepo2014" /> | ||
* 1995 the GB virus-C was discovered that targets liver.<ref name="pmid7724574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Muerhoff AS, Erker JC, Buijk SL, Chalmers ML |title=Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue=8 |pages=3401–5 |date=April 1995 |pmid=7724574 |pmc=42174 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> | * 1995 the GB virus-C was discovered that targets [[liver]].<ref name="pmid7724574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Muerhoff AS, Erker JC, Buijk SL, Chalmers ML |title=Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=92 |issue=8 |pages=3401–5 |date=April 1995 |pmid=7724574 |pmc=42174 |doi= |url= |author=}}</ref> | ||
* In 1997 transfusion-transmitted virus(TTV) was discovered in patient with non A-B-C-G hepatitis.<ref name="pmid11148004">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Maggi F, Fornai C, Freer G, Vatteroni ML |title=Molecular properties, biology, and clinical implications of TT virus, a recently identified widespread infectious agent of humans |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=98–113 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148004 |pmc=88963 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.98-113.2001 |url= |author=}}</ref> | |||
== Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies == | == Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies == | ||
Revision as of 15:06, 21 February 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farnaz Khalighinejad, MD [2]
Overview
Jaundice comes from the French word jaune, meaning yellow. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. Alexander Pope, in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, as all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye."
Historical Perspective
Discovery
- Jaundice comes from the French word jaune in circa 1300 AD, meaning yellow. And the word ‘jaunis’ itself is derived from an earlier French word ‘jalnice'.[1]
- In 1885, Luhrman noted jaundice as an adverse effect of vaccination.[2]
- In 1908, McDonald suggested that jaundice may be caused by an agent much smaller than a bacterium.[3]
- In 1935, A. O. Whipple, an American surgeon first described obstructive jaundice.[4]
- In 1939, the term infective hepatitis was first used in England.
- In 1943, the term infectious hepatitis was first used in USA.
- During WWII, approximately 16 million people died as a consequence of hepatitis. This led to a lot of research on vaccines and different type of hepatitis.[5][6]
- In 1947, Clinicians divided hepatitis into two types including epidemic/infectious hepatitis and serum hepatitis (SH). Epidemic hepatitis had a short incubation period, serum hepatitis had long incubation period.[6]
- In 1953, World Health Organization (WHO) suggested usage of the terms hepatitis A for infectious hepatitis and hepatitis B for serum hepatitis.[6]
- In 1950-1970 viral hepatitis epidemic occurred in China, India and the adjoining region. This happening led to discovery of viral hepatitis E virus.[2]
- In 1974, a third virus was discovered that causes infectious hepatitis, other than hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). It was named non-A, non-B hepatitis (NANBH).[7]
- In 1977 hepatitis D virus was discovered.[2]
- 1995 the GB virus-C was discovered that targets liver.[8]
- In 1997 transfusion-transmitted virus(TTV) was discovered in patient with non A-B-C-G hepatitis.[9]
Landmark Events in the Development of Treatment Strategies
- In 1935, A. O. Whipple invented the concept of preoperative biliary drainage by the procedure of staged pancreatoduodenectomy.[4]
References
- ↑ "www.etymonline.com".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Trepo, Christian (2014). "A brief history of hepatitis milestones". Liver International. 34: 29–37. doi:10.1111/liv.12409. ISSN 1478-3223.
- ↑ Schmid R (1986). "Viral hepatitis: dogmatism revisited". Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc. 97: 53–7. PMC 2279696. PMID 3915843.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whipple AO, Parsons WB, Mullins CR (1935). "TREATMENT OF CARCINOMA OF THE AMPULLA OF VATER". Ann Surg. 102 (4): 763–79. PMC 1391173. PMID 17856666.
- ↑ Trepo C (2014). "A brief history of hepatitis milestones". Liver Int. 34 Suppl 1: 29–37. doi:10.1111/liv.12409. PMID 24373076.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Thomas RE, Lorenzetti DL, Spragins W (2013). "Mortality and morbidity among military personnel and civilians during the 1930s and World War II from transmission of hepatitis during yellow fever vaccination: systematic review". Am J Public Health. 103 (3): e16–29. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301158. PMC 3673520. PMID 23327242.
- ↑ Bradley DW, Maynard JE, Popper H, Cook EH, Ebert JW, McCaustland KA, Schable CA, Fields HA (1983). "Posttransfusion non-A, non-B hepatitis: physicochemical properties of two distinct agents". J. Infect. Dis. 148 (2): 254–65. PMID 6411832.
- ↑ Simons JN, Pilot-Matias TJ, Leary TP, Dawson GJ, Desai SM, Schlauder GG, Muerhoff AS, Erker JC, Buijk SL, Chalmers ML (April 1995). "Identification of two flavivirus-like genomes in the GB hepatitis agent". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92 (8): 3401–5. PMC 42174. PMID 7724574.
- ↑ Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Maggi F, Fornai C, Freer G, Vatteroni ML (January 2001). "Molecular properties, biology, and clinical implications of TT virus, a recently identified widespread infectious agent of humans". Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14 (1): 98–113. doi:10.1128/CMR.14.1.98-113.2001. PMC 88963. PMID 11148004.