Hyporeflexia: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
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Hyporeflexia is the condition of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a reflex hammer. Some examples of hyporeflexia are [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], Drug side effects of [[all-trans retinoic acid]], [[cevimeline]], [[clonidine]], [[fluphenazine]], [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]] and [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]].
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==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
* [[Spinal cord compression]]
* [[Stroke]]
* Penetrating neck injuries


===Common Causes===


'''Hyporeflexia''' is the opposite of [[hyperreflexia]]: the presence of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a [[reflex hammer]]. [[Hyporeflexia]] is generally associated with a [[lower motor neuron]] deficit (lower motor neuron dysfunction) at the alpha motor neurons from the spinal cord to muscle; whereas, [[hyperreflexia]] is often attributed to [[upper motor neuron]] lesions (along the long motor tracts from the brain).
* [[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Brown-Sequard syndrome]]
* [[Bulimia nervosa]]
* [[Down's syndrome]]
* [[Folate deficiency]]
* [[Friedreich ataxia]]
* [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]]
* [[Lower motor neuron lesion]]
* [[Opioid intoxication]]
* [[Vitamin E deficiency]]
* [[Stroke]]


==Diagnosis==
===Causes by Organ System===
=== Laboratory Findings ===
* [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
* [[Calcium]]
* [[Glucose]]
* [[Antinuclear antibody]] ([[ANA]])
* [[Rheumatoid factor]] ([[RF]])
* [[HIV]]
* [[Rapid plasma reagin]] ([[RPR]])
* [[Vitamin B12]] levels
* [[Thyroid function tests]]
* [[Heavy metal]] screen
* [[Hemoglobin A1c]]
* [[CK|Creatinine phosphokinase]] ([[CK]])
* [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[ESR]])
* [[Serum protein electrophoresis]] ([[SPEP]])
* Urine protein electrophoresis (UPEP)


=== Other Diagnostic Studies ===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
* Nerve conduction studies
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
* [[Cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF) analysis
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Stroke]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aftershave]], [[barium sulfate]], [[selenious acid]], cone shell poisoning, erythrokeratodermia ataxia, eucalyptus oil poisoning, [[licorice]], herbal agent overdose cleistanthus collinus, [[opioid intoxication]], oriental hornet poisoning, [[potassium]], [[snakebites]], [[sea snake poisoning ]], white chameleon poisoning
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vitamin E deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[All-trans retinoic acid]], [[cevimeline]], [[clonidine]], [[fluphenazine]], [[imidazoline]], [[lamotrigine]], [[vincristine]],[[lorazepam]], [[nelarabine]], [[oxazepam]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[perphenazine]], [[phenothiazine]], [[prochlorperazine]], [[saquinavir]], [[thioridazine]], [[tiagabine]], [[trifluoperazine]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vigabatrin]], [[zaleplon]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ARTS syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chylomicron retention disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[leigh's disease]], [[lower motor neuron lesion]], [[marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]], [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]], [[McLeod phenotype]], [[Mental retardation]], [[Miller fisher syndrome]], [[mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]], multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, navajo neurohepatopathy, [[infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy]], neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, distal hereditary motor type VII, [[non-ketotic hyperglycemia]], Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, [[progressive external opthhalmoplegia, autosomal dominant 1]], [[Roussy-levy syndrome]], [[Smith-Magenis syndrome]], Southwestern athabaskan genetic diseases, [[spastic tetraplegic -- cerebral palsy]], spinal bulbar motor neuropathy, [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lyme disease]], [[quaternary syphilis]], [[tabes dorsalis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form]], [[arthrogryposis due to muscular dystrophy]], [[becker muscular dystrophy]], [[benign congenital hypotonia]], [[brown-Sequard syndrome]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[CAMFAK syndrome]], [[cauda equina syndrome]], [[cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]], [[charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2]], [[cockayne syndrome]], [[complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]], [[congenital myopathy]], [[conus medullaris syndrome]], distal hereditary motor type VII, [[Down's syndrome]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]], emerinopathy, Erb-goldflam, [[Fazio Londe syndrome  ]], [[Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[Holmes-Adie syndrome]], [[hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]], [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]], [[hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[lower motor neuron lesion]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[multifocal muscular fibrosis]], nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, [[Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy]], neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, [[paramyotonia congenita]], penetrating neck injuries, peripheral nerve and muscle disease, [[polymyositis]], progressive external opthhalmoplegia, rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, scapuloperoneal amyotrophy, schwartz-jampel syndrome, [[Smith-Magenis syndrome]], [[spinal cord compression]], [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[transverse myelitis]], Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, [[Zellweger syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acute weakness in the emergency department, [[anterior cord syndrome]], [[ARTS syndrome]], [[Brown-sequard syndrome]], [[Bulimia nervosa]], [[CAMFAK syndrome]],[[Cauda equina syndrome]], central cord syndromes, [[cerebellar stroke syndrome]], [[Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]], [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2]], coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, [[conus medullaris syndrome ]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[folate deficiency]], [[Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome]], hypertrophic neuropathy of dejerine-sottas, infantile axonal neuropathy,[[Krabbe disease]],[[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]],[[neuroacanthocytosis]], [[Miller fisher syndrome]], [[muscular dystrophy]], navajo neurohepatopathy, nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, [[paramyotonia congenita]], [[peripheral nerve and muscle disease]], [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[posterior cord syndrome]], [[pure motor lacunar syndrome]], [[quaternary syphilis]], rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, segmental syndrome, [[spinal cord compression]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],
, [[transverse myelitis]], [[vitamin E deficiency]], [[ventral cord syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation]], [[cytochrome c oxidase deficiency]], [[folate deficiency]], [[hypermagnesaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]], [[Krabbe disease]], [[Leigh syndrome]], [[Mcleod phenotype]], [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]], [[mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]], navajo neurohepatopathy, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, [[tabes dorsalis]], [[vitamin E deficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]], Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, Schwartz-jampel syndrome, Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, [[Zellweger syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bartter syndrome]], [[neuroaxonal dystrophy renal tubular acidosis]],
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chediak-Higashi Syndrome]], multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, [[severe combined immunodeficiency]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Conus medullaris syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothermia]], [[stroke]]
|}


==Differential Diagnosis==
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===


In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
{{columns-list|
 
* Acute weakness in the emergency department
* Brachial or lumbosacral plexopathy
* [[Adducted thumb syndrome]]
* [[Aftershave]]
* Alagille syndrome
* [[All-trans retinoic acid]]
* Arima syndrome
* [[Arthrogryposis]]
* [[ARTS syndrome]]
* [[Arthrogryposis]]
* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
* [[Bartter syndrome]]
* [[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Benign congenital hypotonia]]
* Boylan-dew-greco syndrome
* [[Brown-sequard syndrome]]
* [[Bulimia nervosa]]
* [[CAMFAK syndrome]]
* [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
* [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
* [[Guillain-Barre Syndrome]]
* Congenital disorder of glycosylation type I
* Isolated peripheral nerve injury/dysfunction
* [[Central cord syndromes]]
* [[Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome]]
* [[Cerebellar syndrome]]
* Motor neuron disease
* [[Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]]
* Multifocal motor neuropathy
* [[Cevimeline]]
* [[Myopathy]]
* [[Charcot-marie-tooth]]
* [[Obesity]]
* [[Chediak-higashi syndrome]]
* [[Peripheral neuropathy]]
* [[Barium]]
* Radiculopathy
* [[Selenious acid]]
* [[Spinal shock]]
* [[Neuroacanthocytosis]]
 
* [[Chylomicron retention disease]]
== Treatment ==
* [[Clonidine]]
* Treat underlying etiologies
* [[Cockayne syndrome]]
* [[Plasmapheresis]]
* [[Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia]]
* [[Intravenous immunoglobulin]] ([[IVIG]])
* [[Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]]
* [[Physical therapy]]
* Cone shell poisoning
 
* [[Congenital myopathy]]
== References ==
* [[Conus medullaris syndrome]]
{{reflist|2}}
* [[Cytochrome c oxidase]]
 
* Folate deficiency
==See also==
* Decreased reflex response
*[[Areflexia]], the absence of reflexes, often it is caused by [[spinal shock]].
* [[Posterior cord syndrome]]
*[[Hyperreflexia]], exaggerated reflexes.
* [[Down's syndrome]]
 
* [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]]
* [[Emerinopathy]]
* Erb-goldflam
* Erythrokeratodermia ataxia
* Eucalyptus oil poisoning
* [[Fazio-londe syndrome]]
* [[Fluphenazine]]
* [[Friedreich ataxia]]
* [[Gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome]]
* [[Griscelli disease]]
* [[Guillain-barré syndrome]]
* [[Licorice]]
* [[Herbal Agent overdose]]
* Holmes-adie syndrome
* [[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Hypermagnesaemia]]
* Hypertrophic neuropathy of dejerine-sottas
* [[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Imidazoline]]
* Infantile axonal neuropathy
* Insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
* [[King cobra poisoning]]
* [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]]
* [[Krabbe disease]]
* [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]]
* [[Lamotrigine]]
* [[Leigh syndrome]]
* [[Lorazepam]]
* [[Lower motor neuron lesion]]
* [[Lyme disease]]
* [[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]]
* [[McLeod phenotype]]
* [[Mental retardation]]
* Microlissencephaly
* [[Miller fisher syndrome]]
* [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]]
* Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block
* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
* Muscular fibrosis multifocal
* [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]]
* Navajo neurohepatopathy
* [[Nelarabine]]
* Nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury
* Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
* Neuroaxonal dystrophy, infantile
* Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease
* Non-ketotic hyperglycemia
* [[Opioid intoxication]]
* Oriental hornet poisoning
* [[Oxazepam]]
* [[Oxcarbazepine]]
* [[Paramyotonia congenita]]
* Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2
* Penetrating neck injuries
* [[Perphenazine]]
* Pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness
* [[Phenothiazine]]
* [[Polymyositis]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Prochlorperazine]]
* Spinal muscular atrophy
* [[Pure motor lacunar syndrome]]
* [[Quaternary syphilis]]
* Rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome
* Roussy-levy syndrome
* [[Saquinavir]]
* Scapuloperoneal amyotrophy
* Schwartz-jampel syndrome
* [[Snakebites]]
* Segmental syndrome
* [[Skeletal dysplasia]]
* [[Smith-Magenis syndrome]]
* Spastic tetraplegic -- cerebral palsy
* Spinal bulbar motor neuropathy
* [[Spinal cord compression]]
* [[Spinal muscular atrophy]]
* [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]]
* [[Stroke]]
* [[Tabes dorsalis]]
* [[Tang hsi ryu syndrome]]
* [[Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]]
* [[Thioridazine]]
* [[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Tiagabine]]
* [[Transverse myelitis]]
* Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome
* [[Trifluoperazine]]
* [[Venlafaxine]]
* [[Vincristine]]
* [[Anterior cord syndrome]]
* [[Vigabatrin]]
* [[Vitamin E deficiency]]
* White chameleon poisoning
* [[Zaleplon]]
* [[Zellweger syndrome]]
}}


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
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{{WikiDoc Sources}}


[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Methane]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
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Latest revision as of 22:19, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2]

Overview

Hyporeflexia is the condition of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a reflex hammer. Some examples of hyporeflexia are Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Drug side effects of all-trans retinoic acid, cevimeline, clonidine, fluphenazine, Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Stroke
Chemical / poisoning Aftershave, barium sulfate, selenious acid, cone shell poisoning, erythrokeratodermia ataxia, eucalyptus oil poisoning, licorice, herbal agent overdose cleistanthus collinus, opioid intoxication, oriental hornet poisoning, potassium, snakebites, sea snake poisoning , white chameleon poisoning
Dermatologic Vitamin E deficiency
Drug Side Effect All-trans retinoic acid, cevimeline, clonidine, fluphenazine, imidazoline, lamotrigine, vincristine,lorazepam, nelarabine, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, perphenazine, phenothiazine, prochlorperazine, saquinavir, thioridazine, tiagabine, trifluoperazine, venlafaxine, vigabatrin, zaleplon
Ear Nose Throat ARTS syndrome
Endocrine Hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Chylomicron retention disease
Genetic Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, leigh's disease, lower motor neuron lesion, marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, NADH CoQ reductase deficiency, McLeod phenotype, Mental retardation, Miller fisher syndrome, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, navajo neurohepatopathy, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, distal hereditary motor type VII, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, progressive external opthhalmoplegia, autosomal dominant 1, Roussy-levy syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Southwestern athabaskan genetic diseases, spastic tetraplegic -- cerebral palsy, spinal bulbar motor neuropathy, spinal muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia
Hematologic Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Lyme disease, quaternary syphilis, tabes dorsalis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form, arthrogryposis due to muscular dystrophy, becker muscular dystrophy, benign congenital hypotonia, brown-Sequard syndrome, bulimia nervosa, CAMFAK syndrome, cauda equina syndrome, cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome, charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2, cockayne syndrome, complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, congenital myopathy, conus medullaris syndrome, distal hereditary motor type VII, Down's syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome, emerinopathy, Erb-goldflam, Fazio Londe syndrome , Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Holmes-Adie syndrome, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, lower motor neuron lesion, muscular dystrophy, multifocal muscular fibrosis, nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, paramyotonia congenita, penetrating neck injuries, peripheral nerve and muscle disease, polymyositis, progressive external opthhalmoplegia, rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, scapuloperoneal amyotrophy, schwartz-jampel syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, spinal cord compression, spinal muscular atrophy, transverse myelitis, Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, Zellweger syndrome
Neurologic Acute weakness in the emergency department, anterior cord syndrome, ARTS syndrome, Brown-sequard syndrome, Bulimia nervosa, CAMFAK syndrome,Cauda equina syndrome, central cord syndromes, cerebellar stroke syndrome, Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2, coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, conus medullaris syndrome , Down's syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, folate deficiency, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, hypertrophic neuropathy of dejerine-sottas, infantile axonal neuropathy,Krabbe disease,Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome,neuroacanthocytosis, Miller fisher syndrome, muscular dystrophy, navajo neurohepatopathy, nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, paramyotonia congenita, peripheral nerve and muscle disease, spinal muscular atrophy, posterior cord syndrome, pure motor lacunar syndrome, quaternary syphilis, rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, segmental syndrome, spinal cord compression, spinocerebellar ataxia,

, transverse myelitis, vitamin E deficiency, ventral cord syndrome

Nutritional / Metabolic Congenital disorder of glycosylation, cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, folate deficiency, hypermagnesaemia, hypokalemia, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, Krabbe disease, Leigh syndrome, Mcleod phenotype, NADH CoQ reductase deficiency, mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, navajo neurohepatopathy, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, tabes dorsalis, vitamin E deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome, Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, Schwartz-jampel syndrome, Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, Zellweger syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Bartter syndrome, neuroaxonal dystrophy renal tubular acidosis,
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, severe combined immunodeficiency
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Conus medullaris syndrome
Miscellaneous Hypothermia, stroke

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

Template:WikiDoc Sources