Hyporeflexia: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
Hyporeflexia is the condition of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a reflex hammer. Some examples of hyporeflexia are [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], Drug side effects of [[all-trans retinoic acid]], [[cevimeline]], [[clonidine]], [[fluphenazine]], [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]] and [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
* [[Spinal cord compression]]
* [[Stroke]]
* Penetrating neck injuries


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===


* [[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Brown-Sequard syndrome]]
* [[Bulimia nervosa]]
* [[Down's syndrome]]
* [[Folate deficiency]]
* [[Friedreich ataxia]]
* [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]]
* [[Lower motor neuron lesion]]
* [[Opioid intoxication]]
* [[Vitamin E deficiency]]
* [[Stroke]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Stroke]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Polyethylene glycol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aftershave]], [[barium sulfate]], [[selenious acid]], cone shell poisoning, erythrokeratodermia ataxia, eucalyptus oil poisoning, [[licorice]], herbal agent overdose cleistanthus collinus, [[opioid intoxication]], oriental hornet poisoning, [[potassium]], [[snakebites]], [[sea snake poisoning ]], white chameleon poisoning
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Carbohydrate malabsorption, [[malabsorption ]],  [[HIV]] related malabsorption, intestinal [[tuberculosis]], [[tropical sprue]], [[whipple's disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vitamin E deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acetaminophen]], [[acarbose]], [[acamprosate calcium]], [[albuterol ]], [[bexarotene]], [[bupropion]], [[butalbital]], [[calcium carbonate ]], [[levodopa and carbidopa]], [[cevimeline]], [[cidofovir]], [[chloral hydrate]], [[citalopram ]], [[clindamycin]], [[codeine]], [[denosumab]], [[disopyramide]], [[dolutegravir]], [[dulaglutide ]], [[etodolac]], [[exenatide]], [[flurbiprofen]], [[glipizide]], [[glycopyrrolate]], [[lactulose]], [[lanreotide]], [[lisinopril]], [[lithium]], [[lovastatin]], [[medications]], [[megestrol acetate]], [[megestrol]], [[meropenem]], [[mesalazine]], [[metformin]], [[midodrine]], [[misoprostol]], [[miglitol]], [[modafinil]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naproxen]], [[niacin]], [[nitrofurantoin]], [[norfloxacin]], [[octreotide]], [[ofloxacin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[pantoprazole]], [[pergolide]], [[polyethylene glycol]], [[piroxicam]], [[rabeprazole]], [[Human chorionic gonadotropin]], [[rifampicin]], [[ritonavir]], [[simethicone]], [[simvastatin]], [[sotalol]], [[sunitinib]], [[tacrolimus]], [[tramadol]], [[thalidomide]], [[tolcapone]], [[tolmetin]], [[varenicline]], [[vilazodone]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[All-trans retinoic acid]], [[cevimeline]], [[clonidine]], [[fluphenazine]], [[imidazoline]], [[lamotrigine]], [[vincristine]],[[lorazepam]], [[nelarabine]], [[oxazepam]], [[oxcarbazepine]], [[perphenazine]], [[phenothiazine]], [[prochlorperazine]], [[saquinavir]], [[thioridazine]], [[tiagabine]], [[trifluoperazine]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vigabatrin]], [[zaleplon]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ARTS syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[pancreatic disease]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abdominal surgery]], [[aerophagia]], alteration of intestinal motility, [[amebiasis]], [[biliary disease]], blastocystis, bowel fermentation, [[caffeine]], [[carcinoid tumors]], [[celiac disease]], [[cholesterolosis]], chronic constipation in adults, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, chronic functional constipation and fecal incontinence in infants and children, chronic mesenteric ischemia, [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[crohn's disease]], [[diverticulitis]], [[diverticulosis]], fecal incontinence in infants and children, [[gallbladder disease]], gallbladder disorders, [[gallbladder polyps]], [[gallstone ileus]], [[gallstones]], gastric intestinal metaplasia, [[gastroesophageal reflux disease]], gastrointestinal toxicity of radiation therapy, [[giardiasis]], [[hepatic encephalopathy in adults]], [[hypersalivation]], [[intermittent bowel obstruction]], [[human growth hormone]], [[intestinal bacterial overgrowth]], [[intestinal motility disorders]], [[intestinal obstruction]], [[irritable bowel syndrome]], [[lactase deficiency]], [[metorchis]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[postoperative ileus]], [[probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases]], [[short bowel syndrome ]], [[small bowel diverticular]], [[swallowed air]], [[lactase deficiency]], [[metorchis]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]], [[pancreatic insufficiency]], [[pneumatosis intestinalis]], [[postoperative ileus]], [[probiotics for gastrointestinal diseases]], [[short bowel syndrome]], [[small bowel diverticular ]], [[swallowed air]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chylomicron retention disease]]
|-
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]], [[cystic fibrosis]], [[colon cancer ]], [[enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]], [[glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[leigh's disease]], [[lower motor neuron lesion]], [[marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]], [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]], [[McLeod phenotype]], [[Mental retardation]], [[Miller fisher syndrome]], [[mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]], multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, navajo neurohepatopathy, [[infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy]], neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, distal hereditary motor type VII, [[non-ketotic hyperglycemia]], Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, [[progressive external opthhalmoplegia, autosomal dominant 1]], [[Roussy-levy syndrome]], [[Smith-Magenis syndrome]], Southwestern athabaskan genetic diseases, [[spastic tetraplegic -- cerebral palsy]], spinal bulbar motor neuropathy, [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amebiasis]], [[blastomycosis]], [[clonorchis]], [[clostridium difficile]], [[colonic bacterial fermentation]], [[cyclospora infection]], [[dientamoeba fragilis]], [[giardiasis]], [[hookworm infection]], [[metorchis]], [[opisthorchis]], [[small intestine bacterial infection]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lyme disease]], [[quaternary syphilis]], [[tabes dorsalis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Abdominal surgery]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form]], [[arthrogryposis due to muscular dystrophy]], [[becker muscular dystrophy]], [[benign congenital hypotonia]], [[brown-Sequard syndrome]], [[bulimia nervosa]], [[CAMFAK syndrome]], [[cauda equina syndrome]], [[cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]], [[charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2]], [[cockayne syndrome]], [[complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]], [[congenital myopathy]], [[conus medullaris syndrome]], distal hereditary motor type VII, [[Down's syndrome]], [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]], [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]], emerinopathy, Erb-goldflam, [[Fazio Londe syndrome  ]], [[Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome]], [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]], [[Holmes-Adie syndrome]], [[hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]], [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]], [[hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[lower motor neuron lesion]], [[muscular dystrophy]], [[multifocal muscular fibrosis]], nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, [[Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy]], neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, [[paramyotonia congenita]], penetrating neck injuries, peripheral nerve and muscle disease, [[polymyositis]], progressive external opthhalmoplegia, rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, scapuloperoneal amyotrophy, schwartz-jampel syndrome, [[Smith-Magenis syndrome]], [[spinal cord compression]], [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[transverse myelitis]], Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, [[Zellweger syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Hepatic encephalopathy in adults]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| Acute weakness in the emergency department, [[anterior cord syndrome]], [[ARTS syndrome]], [[Brown-sequard syndrome]], [[Bulimia nervosa]], [[CAMFAK syndrome]],[[Cauda equina syndrome]], central cord syndromes, [[cerebellar stroke syndrome]], [[Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]], [[Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2]], coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, [[conus medullaris syndrome ]], [[Down's syndrome]], [[Friedreich ataxia]], [[folate deficiency]], [[Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome]], hypertrophic neuropathy of dejerine-sottas, infantile axonal neuropathy,[[Krabbe disease]],[[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]],[[neuroacanthocytosis]], [[Miller fisher syndrome]], [[muscular dystrophy]], navajo neurohepatopathy, nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, [[paramyotonia congenita]], [[peripheral nerve and muscle disease]], [[spinal muscular atrophy]], [[posterior cord syndrome]], [[pure motor lacunar syndrome]], [[quaternary syphilis]], rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, segmental syndrome, [[spinal cord compression]], [[spinocerebellar ataxia]],
, [[transverse myelitis]], [[vitamin E deficiency]], [[ventral cord syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acarbose]], apples, beans, bowel fermentation, brussel sprouts, cabbage, [[caffeine]], [[malabsorption]], carbonated beverages, chewing gum, chronic diarrhea in developed countries, [[crayfish]], dietary factors, eating too quickly, [[food allergies]], [[glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency]], [[gut fermentation]], herbal products, high fiber diet, high legume diet,increased intake of fructose, increased intake of lactose, increased intake of sorbitol, introducing solid foods and vitamin and mineral supplementation during infancy, [[lactase deficiency]], [[lactulose]], [[lobster]], [[tropical sprue]], [[traveler's diarrhea]], [[mixed nuts]], [[metabolic syndrome]], [[obesity]], [[onions]], [[peanut]], [[pork]], prunes, raisins, [[shellfish]], shrimp, undigestible starches in fruits, undigestible starches in vegetables, undigestible starches legumes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation]], [[cytochrome c oxidase deficiency]], [[folate deficiency]], [[hypermagnesaemia]], [[hypokalemia]], [[hypokalemic periodic paralysis]], [[Krabbe disease]], [[Leigh syndrome]], [[Mcleod phenotype]], [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]], [[mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]], navajo neurohepatopathy, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, [[tabes dorsalis]], [[vitamin E deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ Colon cancer]], [[anal cancer]], [[carcinoid tumors]], [[cirrhosis of liver]], [[enteropathy-type intestinal T-cell lymphoma]], [[pancreatic carcinoma]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]], Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, Schwartz-jampel syndrome, Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, [[Zellweger syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aerophagia ]], [[anxiety]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Pneumatosis intestinalis]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bartter syndrome]], [[neuroaxonal dystrophy renal tubular acidosis]],
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chediak-Higashi Syndrome]], multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, [[severe combined immunodeficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Conus medullaris syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[3-month infant due immature gut]], [[aerophagia]], eating too quickly, [[fecal incontinence in infants and children]], [[habitual air swallowing]], [[normal in healthy individuals]], [[normal infant]], [[normal physical needs]], [[obesity]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypothermia]], [[stroke]]
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===


{{columns-list|
* Acute weakness in the emergency department
* [[Adducted thumb syndrome]]
* [[Aftershave]]
* Alagille syndrome
* [[All-trans retinoic acid]]
* Arima syndrome
* [[Arthrogryposis]]
* [[ARTS syndrome]]
* [[Arthrogryposis]]
* [[Severe combined immunodeficiency]]
* [[Bartter syndrome]]
* [[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Benign congenital hypotonia]]
* Boylan-dew-greco syndrome
* [[Brown-sequard syndrome]]
* [[Bulimia nervosa]]
* [[CAMFAK syndrome]]
* [[Cauda equina syndrome]]
* Congenital disorder of glycosylation type I
* [[Central cord syndromes]]
* [[Cerebellar syndrome]]
* [[Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome]]
* [[Cevimeline]]
* [[Charcot-marie-tooth]]
* [[Chediak-higashi syndrome]]
* [[Barium]]
* [[Selenious acid]]
* [[Neuroacanthocytosis]]
* [[Chylomicron retention disease]]
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Cockayne syndrome]]
* [[Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia]]
* [[Complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency]]
* Cone shell poisoning
* [[Congenital myopathy]]
* [[Conus medullaris syndrome]]
* [[Cytochrome c oxidase]]
* Folate deficiency
* Decreased reflex response
* [[Posterior cord syndrome]]
* [[Down's syndrome]]
* [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy]]
* [[Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome]]
* [[Emerinopathy]]
* Erb-goldflam
* Erythrokeratodermia ataxia
* Eucalyptus oil poisoning
* [[Fazio-londe syndrome]]
* [[Fluphenazine]]
* [[Friedreich ataxia]]
* [[Gerstmann-sträussler-scheinker syndrome]]
* [[Griscelli disease]]
* [[Guillain-barré syndrome]]
* [[Licorice]]
* [[Herbal Agent overdose]]
* Holmes-adie syndrome
* [[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Hypermagnesaemia]]
* Hypertrophic neuropathy of dejerine-sottas
* [[Hypokalemic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Imidazoline]]
* Infantile axonal neuropathy
* Insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis
* [[King cobra poisoning]]
* [[Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia]]
* [[Krabbe disease]]
* [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]]
* [[Lamotrigine]]
* [[Leigh syndrome]]
* [[Lorazepam]]
* [[Lower motor neuron lesion]]
* [[Lyme disease]]
* [[Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome]]
* [[McLeod phenotype]]
* [[Mental retardation]]
* Microlissencephaly
* [[Miller fisher syndrome]]
* [[Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes]]
* Multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block
* [[Muscular dystrophy]]
* Muscular fibrosis multifocal
* [[NADH CoQ reductase deficiency]]
* Navajo neurohepatopathy
* [[Nelarabine]]
* Nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury
* Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy
* Neuroaxonal dystrophy, infantile
* Neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease
* Non-ketotic hyperglycemia
* [[Opioid intoxication]]
* Oriental hornet poisoning
* [[Oxazepam]]
* [[Oxcarbazepine]]
* [[Paramyotonia congenita]]
* Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2
* Penetrating neck injuries
* [[Perphenazine]]
* Pharyngeal-cervical-brachial weakness
* [[Phenothiazine]]
* [[Polymyositis]]
* [[Potassium]]
* [[Prochlorperazine]]
* Spinal muscular atrophy
* [[Pure motor lacunar syndrome]]
* [[Quaternary syphilis]]
* Rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome
* Roussy-levy syndrome
* [[Saquinavir]]
* Scapuloperoneal amyotrophy
* Schwartz-jampel syndrome
* [[Snakebites]]
* Segmental syndrome
* [[Skeletal dysplasia]]
* [[Smith-Magenis syndrome]]
* Spastic tetraplegic -- cerebral palsy
* Spinal bulbar motor neuropathy
* [[Spinal cord compression]]
* [[Spinal muscular atrophy]]
* [[Spinocerebellar ataxia]]
* [[Stroke]]
* [[Tabes dorsalis]]
* [[Tang hsi ryu syndrome]]
* [[Mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency]]
* [[Thioridazine]]
* [[Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
* [[Tiagabine]]
* [[Transverse myelitis]]
* Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome
* [[Trifluoperazine]]
* [[Venlafaxine]]
* [[Vincristine]]
* [[Anterior cord syndrome]]
* [[Vigabatrin]]
* [[Vitamin E deficiency]]
* White chameleon poisoning
* [[Zaleplon]]
* [[Zellweger syndrome]]
}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:Reflexes]]
[[Category:primary care]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Methane]]
[[Category:Methane]]
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[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
[[Category:Needs causes]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
==See also==
*[[Areflexia]], the absence of reflexes, often it is caused by [[spinal shock]].
*[[Hyperreflexia]], exaggerated reflexes.
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Medical signs]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}

Latest revision as of 22:19, 29 July 2020

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Carlos A Lopez, M.D. [2]

Overview

Hyporeflexia is the condition of below normal or absent reflexes. It can be tested for by using a reflex hammer. Some examples of hyporeflexia are Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, Drug side effects of all-trans retinoic acid, cevimeline, clonidine, fluphenazine, Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Stroke
Chemical / poisoning Aftershave, barium sulfate, selenious acid, cone shell poisoning, erythrokeratodermia ataxia, eucalyptus oil poisoning, licorice, herbal agent overdose cleistanthus collinus, opioid intoxication, oriental hornet poisoning, potassium, snakebites, sea snake poisoning , white chameleon poisoning
Dermatologic Vitamin E deficiency
Drug Side Effect All-trans retinoic acid, cevimeline, clonidine, fluphenazine, imidazoline, lamotrigine, vincristine,lorazepam, nelarabine, oxazepam, oxcarbazepine, perphenazine, phenothiazine, prochlorperazine, saquinavir, thioridazine, tiagabine, trifluoperazine, venlafaxine, vigabatrin, zaleplon
Ear Nose Throat ARTS syndrome
Endocrine Hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Chylomicron retention disease
Genetic Jansen's metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, leigh's disease, lower motor neuron lesion, marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, NADH CoQ reductase deficiency, McLeod phenotype, Mental retardation, Miller fisher syndrome, mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes, multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, navajo neurohepatopathy, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, distal hereditary motor type VII, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, progressive external opthhalmoplegia, autosomal dominant 1, Roussy-levy syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, Southwestern athabaskan genetic diseases, spastic tetraplegic -- cerebral palsy, spinal bulbar motor neuropathy, spinal muscular atrophy, spinocerebellar ataxia
Hematologic Tang Hsi Ryu syndrome
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Lyme disease, quaternary syphilis, tabes dorsalis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Adducted thumb syndrome recessive form, arthrogryposis due to muscular dystrophy, becker muscular dystrophy, benign congenital hypotonia, brown-Sequard syndrome, bulimia nervosa, CAMFAK syndrome, cauda equina syndrome, cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome, charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2, cockayne syndrome, complex 1 mitochondrial respiratory chain deficiency, congenital myopathy, conus medullaris syndrome, distal hereditary motor type VII, Down's syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Dykes-Markes-Harper syndrome, emerinopathy, Erb-goldflam, Fazio Londe syndrome , Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Holmes-Adie syndrome, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, hypokalemic thyrotoxic periodic paralysis, Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, lower motor neuron lesion, muscular dystrophy, multifocal muscular fibrosis, nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, neuronal intranuclear hyaline inclusion disease, paramyotonia congenita, penetrating neck injuries, peripheral nerve and muscle disease, polymyositis, progressive external opthhalmoplegia, rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, scapuloperoneal amyotrophy, schwartz-jampel syndrome, Smith-Magenis syndrome, spinal cord compression, spinal muscular atrophy, transverse myelitis, Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, Zellweger syndrome
Neurologic Acute weakness in the emergency department, anterior cord syndrome, ARTS syndrome, Brown-sequard syndrome, Bulimia nervosa, CAMFAK syndrome,Cauda equina syndrome, central cord syndromes, cerebellar stroke syndrome, Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, type 2, coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, conus medullaris syndrome , Down's syndrome, Friedreich ataxia, folate deficiency, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, hypertrophic neuropathy of dejerine-sottas, infantile axonal neuropathy,Krabbe disease,Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome,neuroacanthocytosis, Miller fisher syndrome, muscular dystrophy, navajo neurohepatopathy, nervous system injuries due to penetrating neck injury, paramyotonia congenita, peripheral nerve and muscle disease, spinal muscular atrophy, posterior cord syndrome, pure motor lacunar syndrome, quaternary syphilis, rommen-mueller-sybert syndrome, segmental syndrome, spinal cord compression, spinocerebellar ataxia,

, transverse myelitis, vitamin E deficiency, ventral cord syndrome

Nutritional / Metabolic Congenital disorder of glycosylation, cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, folate deficiency, hypermagnesaemia, hypokalemia, hypokalemic periodic paralysis, Krabbe disease, Leigh syndrome, Mcleod phenotype, NADH CoQ reductase deficiency, mitochondrial acetoacetyl-CoA thiolase deficiency, navajo neurohepatopathy, non-ketotic hyperglycemia, Pena-shokeir syndrome type 2, tabes dorsalis, vitamin E deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Cerebro-Oculo-Facio-Skeletal syndrome, Coloboma chorioretinal cerebellar vermis aplasia, Schwartz-jampel syndrome, Treft-sanborn-carey syndrome, Zellweger syndrome
Overdose / Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte Bartter syndrome, neuroaxonal dystrophy renal tubular acidosis,
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Chediak-Higashi Syndrome, multifocal motor neuropathy with conduction block, severe combined immunodeficiency
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Conus medullaris syndrome
Miscellaneous Hypothermia, stroke

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

Template:WikiDoc Sources