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{{Hypopharyngeal cancer}}
{{Hypopharyngeal cancer}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}}{{Faizan}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{G.D.}}, {{Faizan}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer are use of tabacco, and abuse of alcohol consumption.
Common risk factors in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer are [[tobacco]] use, and abuse of [[alcohol]] consumption.


==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
Common risk factors for the development of hypopharyngeal cancer include:<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Hypopharyngeal Cancer Treatment (Adult) (PDQ(R)): Patient Version
| year = 2002
| month =
| pmid = 26389254
}}</ref><ref name=aaa>Hypopharyngeal cancer treatment. National Cancer Institute. http://www.cancer.gov/types/head-and-neck/patient/hypopharyngeal-treatment-pdq Accessed on October 7, 2015</ref>
*Smoking tobacco
*Chewing tobacco
*Abuse of alcohol consumption
*Diet without essential nutrients
*[[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]]
*[[HPV]] infection<ref name="TolandJoo2013">{{cite journal|last1=Toland|first1=Amanda Ewart|last2=Joo|first2=Young-Hoon|last3=Lee|first3=Youn-Soo|last4=Cho|first4=Kwang-Jae|last5=Park|first5=Jun-Ook|last6=Nam|first6=In-Chul|last7=Kim|first7=Chung-Soo|last8=Kim|first8=Sang-Yeon|last9=Kim|first9=Min-Sik|title=Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of High-Risk HPV-Associated Hypopharyngeal Cancers|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|year=2013|pages=e78718|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078718}}</ref>
*Areca nut and betel quid chewing habit
*Occupational exposures of substances such as:
:*Organic solvents
:*Coal dust
:*Cement dust


{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 1000px" align=center
=== Common Risk Factors ===
|valign=top|
Common risk factors for the development of hypopharyngeal cancer include<ref name="Maaslandvan den Brandt2014">{{cite journal|last1=Maasland|first1=Denise HE|last2=van den Brandt|first2=Piet A|last3=Kremer|first3=Bernd|last4=Goldbohm|first4=R Alexandra|last5=Schouten|first5=Leo J|title=Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study|journal=BMC Cancer|volume=14|issue=1|year=2014|issn=1471-2407|doi=10.1186/1471-2407-14-187}}</ref>:
|+
*[[Tobacco]] use.
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Risk Factors}}
*Abuse of [[alcohol]] consumption.
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 400px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Description}}
 
|-
=== Less Common Risk Factors ===
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
Less common risk factors for development of hypopharangeal cancer include:
Smoking
*[[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]].<ref name="Novacek2006">{{cite journal|last1=Novacek|first1=Gottfried|journal=Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases|volume=1|issue=1|year=2006|pages=36|issn=17501172|doi=10.1186/1750-1172-1-36}}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*[[HPV]] infection.<ref name="TolandJoo2013">{{cite journal|last1=Toland|first1=Amanda Ewart|last2=Joo|first2=Young-Hoon|last3=Lee|first3=Youn-Soo|last4=Cho|first4=Kwang-Jae|last5=Park|first5=Jun-Ook|last6=Nam|first6=In-Chul|last7=Kim|first7=Chung-Soo|last8=Kim|first8=Sang-Yeon|last9=Kim|first9=Min-Sik|title=Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of High-Risk HPV-Associated Hypopharyngeal Cancers|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=11|year=2013|pages=e78718|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0078718}}</ref>
*Mutations may change a normal DNA sequence to an oncogene, which is a gene that causes cancer after exposure to a [[carcinogen]].
*[[Areca catechu|Areca]] nut and [[betel]] quid chewing habit.<ref name="GuhaWarnakulasuriya2014">{{cite journal|last1=Guha|first1=Neela|last2=Warnakulasuriya|first2=Saman|last3=Vlaanderen|first3=Jelle|last4=Straif|first4=Kurt|title=Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A meta-analysis with implications for cancer control|journal=International Journal of Cancer|volume=135|issue=6|year=2014|pages=1433–1443|issn=00207136|doi=10.1002/ijc.28643}}</ref><ref name="pmid19445556">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP |title=Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening |journal=Rural Remote Health |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=1118 |date=2009 |pmid=19445556 |pmc=2726113 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Squamous cells, a type of cell that lines hollow organs like the throat, mouth, lungs, and outer layer of skin, are particularly vulnerable when exposed to cigarette smoke.
*[[Diet]] with insufficient [[nutrients]].
|-
*Occupational exposures such as:
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC;font-weight: bold" |
:*[[Asbestos]]<ref name="pmid24142981">{{cite journal |vauthors=Langevin SM, O'Sullivan MH, Valerio JL, Pawlita M, Applebaum KM, Eliot M, McClean MD, Kelsey KT |title=Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area |journal=Occup Environ Med |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=858–63 |date=December 2013 |pmid=24142981 |pmc=4227396 |doi=10.1136/oemed-2013-101528 |url=}}</ref>
Chewing tobacco
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*The chewing tobacco is placed into the mouth, leaving it exposed to enzymes, like [[amylase]], which partly digests the carcinogenic material. Saliva is swallowed, along with the cancer-promoting material, which passes through the hypopharynx on its way to the [[esophagus]].
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
Heavy alcohol consumption
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*Heavy alcohol consumption is linked to hypopharyngeal cancer as well. Alcohol damages the lining of the hypopharynx, increasing the amount of chemicals that are allowed to seep into the underlying membranes. Heavy alcohol use is also associated with nutritional deficiencies.
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" |
[[Plummer-Vinson syndrome]]
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |
*A genetic disorder that causes a long-term iron deficiency, may also lead to hypopharyngeal cancer.
*Other factors like a deficiency in certain vitamins also appear to contribute to this type of cancer.
|}


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|1}}
{{reflist|2}}
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


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Latest revision as of 18:36, 24 January 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Gertrude Djouka, M.D.[2], Faizan Sheraz, M.D. [3]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of hypopharyngeal cancer are tobacco use, and abuse of alcohol consumption.

Risk Factors

Common Risk Factors

Common risk factors for the development of hypopharyngeal cancer include[1]:

Less Common Risk Factors

Less common risk factors for development of hypopharangeal cancer include:

References

  1. Maasland, Denise HE; van den Brandt, Piet A; Kremer, Bernd; Goldbohm, R Alexandra; Schouten, Leo J (2014). "Alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking and the risk of subtypes of head-neck cancer: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study". BMC Cancer. 14 (1). doi:10.1186/1471-2407-14-187. ISSN 1471-2407.
  2. Novacek, Gottfried (2006). Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases. 1 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1750-1172-1-36. ISSN 1750-1172. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  3. Toland, Amanda Ewart; Joo, Young-Hoon; Lee, Youn-Soo; Cho, Kwang-Jae; Park, Jun-Ook; Nam, In-Chul; Kim, Chung-Soo; Kim, Sang-Yeon; Kim, Min-Sik (2013). "Characteristics and Prognostic Implications of High-Risk HPV-Associated Hypopharyngeal Cancers". PLoS ONE. 8 (11): e78718. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078718. ISSN 1932-6203.
  4. Guha, Neela; Warnakulasuriya, Saman; Vlaanderen, Jelle; Straif, Kurt (2014). "Betel quid chewing and the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancers: A meta-analysis with implications for cancer control". International Journal of Cancer. 135 (6): 1433–1443. doi:10.1002/ijc.28643. ISSN 0020-7136.
  5. Auluck A, Hislop G, Poh C, Zhang L, Rosin MP (2009). "Areca nut and betel quid chewing among South Asian immigrants to Western countries and its implications for oral cancer screening". Rural Remote Health. 9 (2): 1118. PMC 2726113. PMID 19445556.
  6. Langevin SM, O'Sullivan MH, Valerio JL, Pawlita M, Applebaum KM, Eliot M, McClean MD, Kelsey KT (December 2013). "Occupational asbestos exposure is associated with pharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in men from the greater Boston area". Occup Environ Med. 70 (12): 858–63. doi:10.1136/oemed-2013-101528. PMC 4227396. PMID 24142981.