Hepatitis B historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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===20th Century=== | ===20th Century=== | ||
During the early 20th century, similar outbreaks of jaundice occurring after longer incubation periods were documented in clinics treating syphilis, diabetes, and tuberculosis. Specifically, in the 1920's, reports came from German and U.S clinics treating syphilis with intravenous therapy. At the time, the so-called "salvarsan icterus" was thought to be a direct effect of the treatment for syphilis and not from the use of contaminated needles and syringes. In 1926, Flaum, Malmros, and Persson published a paper implicating the role of syringes and needles in the transmission of the disease and documenting the distinctive incubation period of the infection compared to the so-called spontaneous catarrhal jaundice (now known as Hepatitis A). In their paper, they questioned the possibility of two different viruses causing hepatitis. | During the early 20th century, similar outbreaks of jaundice occurring after longer incubation periods were documented in clinics treating syphilis, diabetes, and tuberculosis. Specifically, in the 1920's, reports came from German and U.S clinics treating syphilis with intravenous therapy. At the time, the so-called "salvarsan icterus" was thought to be a direct effect of the treatment for syphilis and not from the use of contaminated needles and syringes. In 1926, Flaum, Malmros, and Persson published a paper implicating the role of syringes and needles in the transmission of the disease and documenting the distinctive incubation period of the infection compared to the so-called spontaneous catarrhal jaundice (now known as Hepatitis A). In their paper, they questioned the possibility of two different viruses causing hepatitis. | ||
Further evidence pointing to the existence of at least two separate etiological agents causing hepatitis came during World War II, when jaundice epidemics were clearly distinguished among US military personnel based on differences in transmission and incubation periods. | Further evidence pointing to the existence of at least two separate etiological agents causing hepatitis came during World War II, when jaundice epidemics were clearly distinguished among US military personnel based on differences in transmission and incubation periods. | ||
In 1947, the current nomenclature of hepatitis A(so-called infectious hepatitis) and hepatitis B(so-called serum hepatitis) was proposed by MacCallum and Bauer. By this time, it was already known that in comparison with hepatitis A, hepatitis B: | In 1947, the current nomenclature of hepatitis A (so-called infectious hepatitis) and hepatitis B (so-called serum hepatitis) was proposed by MacCallum and Bauer. By this time, it was already known that in comparison with hepatitis A, hepatitis B: | ||
*Was transmitted by percutaneous exposure to blood products | *Was transmitted by percutaneous exposure to blood products | ||
*Had a longer incubation period(2-6 months) | *Had a longer incubation period (2-6 months) | ||
*Occurred more often in adults | *Occurred more often in adults | ||
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====Discovery and Prevention==== | ====Discovery and Prevention==== | ||
The virus itself was not discovered until 1965 by Baruch Blumberg, who identified the Australia antigen(later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg) in blood collected from Australian aborigines.<ref name="pmid5930797">{{cite journal |author=Alter HJ, Blumberg BS |title=Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen) |journal=[[Blood]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |year=1966 |month=March |pmid=5930797 |doi= |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5930797 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> The virus particle was identified in 1970 with electron microscopy by D.S. Dane ''et al''.<ref name="pmid4190997">{{cite journal |author=Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M |title=Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=1 |issue=7649 |pages=695–8 |year=1970 |month=April |pmid=4190997 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> By the early 1980's the virus' genome had been sequenced and in 1982, a vaccine against [[HBV]] was available. | The virus itself was not discovered until 1965 by Baruch Blumberg, who identified the Australia antigen(later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg) in blood collected from Australian aborigines.<ref name="pmid5930797">{{cite journal |author=Alter HJ, Blumberg BS |title=Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen) |journal=[[Blood]] |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=297–309 |year=1966 |month=March |pmid=5930797 |doi= |url=http://bloodjournal.hematologylibrary.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=5930797 |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> The virus particle was identified in 1970 with electron microscopy by D.S. Dane ''et al''.<ref name="pmid4190997">{{cite journal |author=Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M |title=Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis |journal=[[Lancet]] |volume=1 |issue=7649 |pages=695–8 |year=1970 |month=April |pmid=4190997 |doi= |url= |accessdate=2012-02-08}}</ref> By the early 1980's the virus' genome had been sequenced and in 1982, a vaccine against [[HBV]] was available. | ||
===Treatment=== | ===Treatment=== | ||
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On October 27, 2006, [[telbivudine]] gained FDA approval for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It is marketed under the brand name Tyzeka in the US and Sebivo outside the US. It is already approved in Switzerland.<ref>October 27, 2006. [http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hep_b/news/2006/102706_a.html FDA Approves Telbivudine for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B]. hivandhepatitis.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.</ref> | On October 27, 2006, [[telbivudine]] gained FDA approval for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It is marketed under the brand name Tyzeka in the US and Sebivo outside the US. It is already approved in Switzerland.<ref>October 27, 2006. [http://www.hivandhepatitis.com/hep_b/news/2006/102706_a.html FDA Approves Telbivudine for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B]. hivandhepatitis.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.</ref> | ||
===Social History== | ===Social History=== | ||
World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and [[hepatitis C]] and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf</ref> | World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and [[hepatitis C]] and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the [[World Health Organization]].<ref>http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf</ref> | ||
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{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{STD/STI}} | {{STD/STI}} | ||
[[Category:Hepatitis|B]] | [[Category:Hepatitis|B]] | ||
[[Category:Viruses]] | [[Category:Viruses]] | ||
Revision as of 15:45, 3 August 2014
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Hepatitis B historical perspective On the Web |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Historical Perspective
Early History
Although the first descriptions of hepatitis (epidemic jaundice) are generally attributed to Hippocrates in the 5th century BCE,[1] the earliest identifiable occurrence of hepatitis B virus was documented in 1885 by Lurman.[2] He described a form of hepatitis that was transmitted by direct inoculation of blood or blood products during a smallpox outbreak in Bremen, Germany. Thousands of shipyard employees were vaccinated against smallpox with a preparation made from human lymph. Several weeks to 8 months later, 15% of the workers became ill with jaundice while the unvaccinated workers remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classic example of an epidemiological study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak.[2]
20th Century
During the early 20th century, similar outbreaks of jaundice occurring after longer incubation periods were documented in clinics treating syphilis, diabetes, and tuberculosis. Specifically, in the 1920's, reports came from German and U.S clinics treating syphilis with intravenous therapy. At the time, the so-called "salvarsan icterus" was thought to be a direct effect of the treatment for syphilis and not from the use of contaminated needles and syringes. In 1926, Flaum, Malmros, and Persson published a paper implicating the role of syringes and needles in the transmission of the disease and documenting the distinctive incubation period of the infection compared to the so-called spontaneous catarrhal jaundice (now known as Hepatitis A). In their paper, they questioned the possibility of two different viruses causing hepatitis.
Further evidence pointing to the existence of at least two separate etiological agents causing hepatitis came during World War II, when jaundice epidemics were clearly distinguished among US military personnel based on differences in transmission and incubation periods.
In 1947, the current nomenclature of hepatitis A (so-called infectious hepatitis) and hepatitis B (so-called serum hepatitis) was proposed by MacCallum and Bauer. By this time, it was already known that in comparison with hepatitis A, hepatitis B:
- Was transmitted by percutaneous exposure to blood products
- Had a longer incubation period (2-6 months)
- Occurred more often in adults
In the 1960’s and 1970’s, Krugman et al. performed studies confirming these previously observed differences as well as the occurrence of homologous immunity after infection with hepatitis B.
Discovery and Prevention
The virus itself was not discovered until 1965 by Baruch Blumberg, who identified the Australia antigen(later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg) in blood collected from Australian aborigines.[3] The virus particle was identified in 1970 with electron microscopy by D.S. Dane et al.[4] By the early 1980's the virus' genome had been sequenced and in 1982, a vaccine against HBV was available.
Treatment
On March 29, 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Entecavir for the treatment of hepatitis B.[5]
On February 25, 2005, the EU Commission approved PEGASYS for the treatment of hepatitis B making it the first pegylated interferon to be approved for hepatitis B.[6]
On October 27, 2006, telbivudine gained FDA approval for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It is marketed under the brand name Tyzeka in the US and Sebivo outside the US. It is already approved in Switzerland.[7]
Social History
World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the World Health Organization.[8]
References
- ↑ Center for Disease Control and Prevention.Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine Preventable Diseases 2012. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.html
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hussey, Hugh H. (1981). "The Hepatitis B Saga". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 245 (13): 1317. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310380021018. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Alter HJ, Blumberg BS (1966). "Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen)". Blood. 27 (3): 297–309. PMID 5930797. Retrieved 2012-02-08. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M (1970). "Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis". Lancet. 1 (7649): 695–8. PMID 4190997. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 30, 2005. FDA Talk Paper: FDA Approves New Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B. fda.gov. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ February 25, 2005. Pegasys approved in the European Union for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Only pegylated interferon approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. roche.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ October 27, 2006. FDA Approves Telbivudine for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. hivandhepatitis.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf