Hepatitis B historical perspective: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The earliest identifiable occurrence of hepatitis B was documented by Lurman in 1885 in Germany after an outbreak of [[smallpox]] led to the [[vaccination]] of shipyard employees with prepared human [[lymph]].<ref name="Hussey1981">{{cite journal|last1=Hussey|first1=Hugh H.|title=The Hepatitis B Saga|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=245|issue=13|year=1981|pages=1317|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1981.03310380021018}}</ref> Weeks to months later, 15% of the workers became ill with [[jaundice]] while others inoculated with different batches of the prepared | The earliest identifiable occurrence of hepatitis B was documented by Lurman in 1885 in Germany after an outbreak of [[smallpox]] led to the [[vaccination]] of shipyard employees with prepared human [[lymph]].<ref name="Hussey1981">{{cite journal|last1=Hussey|first1=Hugh H.|title=The Hepatitis B Saga|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=245|issue=13|year=1981|pages=1317|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.1981.03310380021018}}</ref> Weeks to months later, 15% of the workers became ill with [[jaundice]] while others inoculated with different batches of the prepared lymph remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classic example of an [[epidemiological]] study, proved that contaminated [[lymph]] was the source of the outbreak. | ||
Similar outbreaks of serum hepatitis were reported following the introduction of hypodermic needles in 1909. The virus itself was not discovered until 1965 by Baruch Blumberg, who identified the Australia antigen(later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg) in blood collected from Australian aborigines. The virus particle was identified in 1970 with electron microscopy by D.S. Dane and others. By the early 1980's the virus' genome had been sequenced and in 1982, a vaccine against [[HBV]] was available. | |||
==Historical Perspective== | ==Historical Perspective== | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
The earliest identifiable occurrence of hepatitis B was documented by Lurman in 1885 in Germany after an outbreak of smallpox led to the vaccination of shipyard employees with prepared human lymph.[1] Weeks to months later, 15% of the workers became ill with jaundice while others inoculated with different batches of the prepared lymph remained healthy. Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classic example of an epidemiological study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak.
Similar outbreaks of serum hepatitis were reported following the introduction of hypodermic needles in 1909. The virus itself was not discovered until 1965 by Baruch Blumberg, who identified the Australia antigen(later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen or HBsAg) in blood collected from Australian aborigines. The virus particle was identified in 1970 with electron microscopy by D.S. Dane and others. By the early 1980's the virus' genome had been sequenced and in 1982, a vaccine against HBV was available.
Historical Perspective
The earliest record of an epidemic caused by hepatitis B virus was made by Lurman in 1885.[2] An outbreak of smallpox occurred in Bremen in 1883 and 1,289 shipyard employees were vaccinated with lymph from other people. After several weeks, and up to eight months later, 191 of the vaccinated workers became ill with jaundice and were diagnosed as suffering from serum hepatitis. Other employees who had been inoculated with different batches of lymph remained healthy.
Lurman's paper, now regarded as a classical example of an epidemiological study, proved that contaminated lymph was the source of the outbreak. Later, numerous similar outbreaks were reported following the introduction, in 1909, of hypodermic needles that were used, and, more importantly, reused, for administering Salvarsan for the treatment of syphilis. The virus was not discovered until 1965 when Baruch Blumberg, then working at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), discovered the Australia antigen (later known to be hepatitis B surface antigen, or HBsAg) in the blood of Australian aboriginal people.[3] Although a virus had been suspected since the research published by MacCallum in 1947,[4] D.S. Dane and others discovered the virus particle in 1970 by electron microscopy.[5] By the early 1980s the genome of the virus had been sequenced,[6] and the first vaccines were being tested.[7]
On March 29, 2005, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Entecavir for the treatment of hepatitis B.[8]
On February 25, 2005, the EU Commission approved PEGASYS for the treatment of hepatitis B making it the first pegylated interferon to be approved for hepatitis B.[9]
On October 27, 2006, telbivudine gained FDA approval for treatment of chronic hepatitis B. It is marketed under the brand name Tyzeka in the US and Sebivo outside the US. It is already approved in Switzerland.[10]
World Hepatitis Day, observed July 28, aims to raise global awareness of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and encourage prevention, diagnosis and treatment. It has been led by the World Hepatitis Alliance since 2007 and on May 2010, it got global endorsement from the World Health Organization.[11]
References
- ↑ Hussey, Hugh H. (1981). "The Hepatitis B Saga". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association. 245 (13): 1317. doi:10.1001/jama.1981.03310380021018. ISSN 0098-7484.
- ↑ Lurman A (1885). "Eine icterus epidemic". Berl Klin Woschenschr (in German). 22: 20–3.
- ↑ Alter HJ, Blumberg BS (1966). "Further studies on a "new" human isoprecipitin system (Australia antigen)". Blood. 27 (3): 297–309. PMID 5930797. Retrieved 2012-02-08. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ MacCallum, F.O. (1947). "Homologous serum hepatitis". Lancet. 2: 691.
- ↑ Dane DS, Cameron CH, Briggs M (1970). "Virus-like particles in serum of patients with Australia-antigen-associated hepatitis". Lancet. 1 (7649): 695–8. PMID 4190997. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ Galibert F, Mandart E, Fitoussi F, Tiollais P, Charnay P (1979). "Nucleotide sequence of the hepatitis B virus genome (subtype ayw) cloned in E. coli". Nature. 281 (5733): 646–50. PMID 399327. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help);|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ↑ "Hepatitis B vaccine". Lancet. 2 (8206): 1229–30. 1980. PMID 6108398. Retrieved 2012-02-08. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. March 30, 2005. FDA Talk Paper: FDA Approves New Treatment for Chronic Hepatitis B. fda.gov. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ February 25, 2005. Pegasys approved in the European Union for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B: Only pegylated interferon approved for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. roche.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ October 27, 2006. FDA Approves Telbivudine for Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis B. hivandhepatitis.com. Retrieved on September 11, 2007.
- ↑ http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/EB126/B126_R16-en.pdf