Gynecomastia risk factors: Difference between revisions

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{{Gynecomastia}}
{{Gynecomastia}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{DAMI}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}Husnain Shaukat, M.D.; {{DAMI}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include the use of medications, cirrhosis, and hypothyroidism. The less common risk factors include aromatase overexpression, androgen insensitivity syndrome and testosterone pathway defects.
Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include the use of medications, [[cirrhosis]], and [[hyperthyroidism]]. The less common risk factors include [[aromatase]] overexpression, [[androgen insensitivity syndrome]] and [[Testosterone|testosterone pathway defects]].


===Risk factors===
===Risk factors===
Risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid12765">{{cite journal| author=Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG| title=Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent. | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | year= 1976 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 1300-3 | pmid=12765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12765  }} </ref><ref name="pmid907238">{{cite journal| author=Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH| title=Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 398-403 | pmid=907238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=907238  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18911010">{{cite journal| author=JACOBS EC| title=Gynecomastia following severe starvation. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1948 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 792-7 | pmid=18911010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18911010  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1166483">{{cite journal| author=Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL| title=Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver. | journal=Steroids | year= 1975 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-56 | pmid=1166483 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1166483  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5658367">{{cite journal| author=Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO| title=Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1968 | volume= 69 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-72 | pmid=5658367 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5658367  }} </ref>
Risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:<ref name="pmid12765">{{cite journal| author=Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG| title=Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent. | journal=Arzneimittelforschung | year= 1976 | volume= 26 | issue= 7 | pages= 1300-3 | pmid=12765 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12765  }} </ref><ref name="pmid907238">{{cite journal| author=Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH| title=Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 87 | issue= 4 | pages= 398-403 | pmid=907238 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=907238  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22862307">{{cite journal| author=Deepinder F, Braunstein GD| title=Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review. | journal=Expert Opin Drug Saf | year= 2012 | volume= 11 | issue= 5 | pages= 779-95 | pmid=22862307 | doi=10.1517/14740338.2012.712109 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22862307  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8421478">{{cite journal| author=Braunstein GD| title=Gynecomastia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1993 | volume= 328 | issue= 7 | pages= 490-5 | pmid=8421478 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199302183280708 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8421478  }} </ref><ref name="pmid18911010">{{cite journal| author=JACOBS EC| title=Gynecomastia following severe starvation. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1948 | volume= 28 | issue= 4 | pages= 792-7 | pmid=18911010 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18911010  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4042075">{{cite journal| author=Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM| title=Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications. | journal=Cancer | year= 1985 | volume= 56 | issue= 10 | pages= 2534-8 | pmid=4042075 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4042075  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1166483">{{cite journal| author=Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL| title=Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver. | journal=Steroids | year= 1975 | volume= 26 | issue= 1 | pages= 47-56 | pmid=1166483 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1166483  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5658367">{{cite journal| author=Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO| title=Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1968 | volume= 69 | issue= 1 | pages= 67-72 | pmid=5658367 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5658367  }} </ref>
====Common Risk Factors====
====Common Risk Factors====
* Idiopathic
* [[Idiopathic]]
* Drugs
* [[Drugs]]
** Spironolactone
** [[Spironolactone]]
** Cimetidine
** [[Cimetidine]]
** Recombinant Human Growth Hormone
** [[Human growth hormone|Recombinant Human Growth Hormone]]
** Estrogens
** [[Estrogen|Estrogens]]
** Human Chorionic gonadotropin
** [[Human chorionic gonadotropin|Human Chorionic gonadotropin]]
** Anti-androgens
** [[Androgen|Anti-androgens]]
** Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GNRH) agonists
** [[Gonadotrophin|Gonadotropin Releasing hormone (GNRH) agonists]]
** 5-alpha reductase inhibitors
** [[5-alpha-reductase deficiency|5-alpha reductase inhibitors]]
** Ketoconazole
** [[Ketoconazole]]
** steroids
* [[Cirrhosis]]
** INH
* [[Hypogonadism]]
** [[Digoxin]]
* [[Testicular neoplasm|Testicular neoplasms]]
* Cirrhosis
* [[Hyperthyroidism]]
* Hypogonadism
* [[Kidney disease|Chronic Kidney disease]]
* Testicular neoplasms
* Hyperthyroidism
* Chronic Kidney disease


====Less Common Risk Factors====
====Less Common Risk Factors====
* Feminizing adrenal tumors
* [[Adrenal tumor|Feminizing adrenal tumors]]
* Ectopic hCG
* [[Hcg|Ectopic hCG]]
* Disorders of sex development
* [[Familial|Familial prepubertal gynecomastia]]
* Familial prepubertal gynecomastia


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 20:45, 10 August 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Husnain Shaukat, M.D.; Omodamola Aje B.Sc, M.D. [2]

Overview

Common risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include the use of medications, cirrhosis, and hyperthyroidism. The less common risk factors include aromatase overexpression, androgen insensitivity syndrome and testosterone pathway defects.

Risk factors

Risk factors in the development of gynecomastia include:[1][2][3][4][5][6][6][7][8]

Common Risk Factors

Less Common Risk Factors

References

  1. ↑ Wiseman EH, Chang YH, Lombardino JG (1976). "Piroxicam, a novel anti-inflammatory agent". Arzneimittelforschung. 26 (7): 1300–3. PMID 12765.
  2. ↑ Rose LI, Underwood RH, Newmark SR, Kisch ES, Williams GH (1977). "Pathophysiology of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia". Ann Intern Med. 87 (4): 398–403. PMID 907238.
  3. ↑ Deepinder F, Braunstein GD (2012). "Drug-induced gynecomastia: an evidence-based review". Expert Opin Drug Saf. 11 (5): 779–95. doi:10.1517/14740338.2012.712109. PMID 22862307.
  4. ↑ Braunstein GD (1993). "Gynecomastia". N Engl J Med. 328 (7): 490–5. doi:10.1056/NEJM199302183280708. PMID 8421478.
  5. ↑ JACOBS EC (1948). "Gynecomastia following severe starvation". Ann Intern Med. 28 (4): 792–7. PMID 18911010.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Tseng A, Horning SJ, Freiha FS, Resser KJ, Hannigan JF, Torti FM (1985). "Gynecomastia in testicular cancer patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications". Cancer. 56 (10): 2534–8. PMID 4042075.
  7. ↑ Olivo J, Gordon GG, Rafii F, Southren AL (1975). "Estrogen metabolism in hyperthyroidism and in cirrhosis of the liver". Steroids. 26 (1): 47–56. PMID 1166483.
  8. ↑ Freeman RM, Lawton RL, Fearing MO (1968). "Gynecomastia: an endocrinologic complication of hemodialysis". Ann Intern Med. 69 (1): 67–72. PMID 5658367.

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