Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide

Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide
Black Box Warning
Adult Indications & Dosage
Pediatric Indications & Dosage
Contraindications
Warnings & Precautions
Adverse Reactions
Drug Interactions
Use in Specific Populations
Administration & Monitoring
Overdosage
Pharmacology
Clinical Studies
How Supplied
Images
Patient Counseling Information
Precautions with Alcohol
Brand Names
Look-Alike Names

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Zaghw, M.D. [2], Amr Marawan, M.D. [3]

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Black Box Warning

FETAL TOXICITY See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide as soon as possible. Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus. See Warnings: Fetal Toxicity

Overview

Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide is an Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, Thiazide diuretic that is FDA approved for the {{{indicationType}}} of hypertension. There is a Black Box Warning for this drug as shown here. Common adverse reactions include cough (5.6%), fatigue (3.9% ).

Adult Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Adult)

Hypertension

• Dosing Information

• Initial dose (not receiving a diuretic): 10-20 mg Fosinopril / 12.5-25 mg hydrochlorothiazide PO qd should be used.

• Maintenance dose: depends on individual titration and clinical response. Once dialy fixed combination is usual, but for optimal response divied doses can be given. The dosage range is Fosinopril 10-80 mg and hydrochlorothiazide is 12.5 to 50 mg.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Adult)

Non–Guideline-Supported Use

Diabetic nephropathy

• Class of Recommendation: (Class IIb)

• Strength of Evidence: (Category B)

• Adult, Evidence favors efficacy

Pediatric Indications and Dosage

FDA-Labeled Indications and Dosage (Pediatric)

FDA Package Insert for Fosinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide tablet contains no information regarding safety and efficacy in pediatric patients.

Off-Label Use and Dosage (Pediatric)

Contraindications

Fosinopril

• Hypersensitivity to Captopril or to any other ACE inhibitor
• History of angioedema with or without previous ACE inhibitor treatment

Hydrochlorothiazide

• Hydrochlorothiazide is contraindicated in anuria. It is also contraindicated in patients who have previously demonstrated hypersensitivity to hydrochlorothiazide or other sulfonamide-derived drugs.

Warnings

FETAL TOXICITY See full prescribing information for complete Boxed Warning. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide as soon as possible. Drugs that act directly on the renin-angiotensin system can cause injury and death to the developing fetus. See Warnings: Fetal Toxicity

Fosinopril

Anaphylactoid and Possibly Related Reactions

• Presumably because angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors affect the metabolism of eicosanoids and polypeptides, including endogenous bradykinin, patients receiving ACE inhibitors (including Fosinopril) may be subject to a variety of adverse reactions, some of them serious.

• Head and Neck Angioedema

• Angioedema of the face, extremities, lips, tongue, glottis, and larynx has been reported in patients treated with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. In U.S. clinical trials, symptoms consistent with angioedema were seen in none of the subjects who received placebo and in about 0.5% of the subjects who received Fosinopril. Angioedema associated with laryngeal edema can be fatal. If laryngeal stridor or angioedema of the face, tongue, or glottis occurs, treatment with Fosinopril should be discontinued and appropriate therapy instituted immediately. Where there is involvement of the tongue, glottis, or larynx, likely to cause airway obstruction, appropriate therapy, e.g., subcutaneous epinephrine injection 1:1000 (0.3 mL to 0.5 mL) should be promptly administered (see Adverse Reactions).

• Black patients receiving ACE inhibitors have been reported to have a higher incidence of angioedema compared to nonblacks.

• Intestinal Angioedema

• Intestinal angioedema has been reported in patients treated with ACE inhibitors. These patients presented with abdominal pain (with or without nausea or vomiting); in some cases there was no prior history of facial angioedema and C-1 esterase levels were normal. The angioedema was diagnosed by procedures including abdominal CT scan or ultrasound, or at surgery, and symptoms resolved after stopping the ACE inhibitor. Intestinal angioedema should be included in the differential diagnosis of patients on ACE inhibitors presenting with abdominal pain.

• Anaphylactoid Reactions During Desensitization

• Two patients undergoing desensitizing treatment with hymenoptera venom while receiving ACE inhibitors sustained life-threatening anaphylactoid reactions. In the same patients, these reactions were avoided when ACE inhibitors were temporarily withheld, but they reappeared upon inadvertent rechallenge.

• Anaphylactoid Reactions During Membrane Exposure

• Anaphylactoid reactions have been reported in patients dialyzed with high-flux membranes and treated concomitantly with an ACE inhibitor. Anaphylactoid reactions have also been reported in patients undergoing low-density lipoprotein apheresis with dextran sulfate absorption (a procedure dependent upon devices not approved in the United States).

Hypotension

• Fosinopril can cause symptomatic hypotension. Like other ACE inhibitors, Fosinopril has been only rarely associated with hypotension in uncomplicated hypertensive patients. Symptomatic hypotension is most likely to occur in patients who have been volume-and/or salt-depleted as a result of prolonged diuretic therapy, dietary salt restriction, dialysis, diarrhea, or vomiting. Volume-and/or salt-depletion should be corrected before initiating therapy with Fosinopril.

• In patients with congestive heart failure, with or without associated renal insufficiency, ACE inhibitor therapy may cause excessive hypotension, which may be associated with oliguria or azotemia and, rarely, with acute renal failure and death. In such patients, Fosinopril therapy should be started under close medical supervision; they should be followed closely for the first 2 weeks of treatment and whenever the dose of Fosinopril or diuretic is increased.

• If hypotension occurs, the patient should be placed in a supine position, and, if necessary, treated with intravenous infusion of physiological saline. Fosinopril treatment usually can be continued following restoration of blood pressure and volume.

Fetal toxicity

• Use of drugs that act on the renin-angiotensin system during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy reduces fetal renal function and increases fetal and neonatal morbidity and death. Resulting oligohydramnios can be associated with fetal lung hypoplasia and skeletal deformations. Potential neonatal adverse effects include skull hypoplasia, anuria, hypotension, renal failure, and death. When pregnancy is detected, discontinue Fosinopril as soon as possible. These adverse outcomes are usually associated with use of these drugs in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. Most epidemiologic studies examining fetal abnormalities after exposure to antihypertensive use in the first trimester have not distinguished drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system from other antihypertensive agents. Appropriate management of maternal hypertension during pregnancy is important to optimize outcomes for both mother and fetus.

• In the unusual case that there is no appropriate alternative to therapy with drugs affecting the renin-angiotensin system for a particular patient, apprise the mother of the potential risk to the fetus. Perform serial ultrasound examinations to assess the intra-amniotic environment. If oligohydramnios is observed, discontinue Fosinopril, unless it is considered lifesaving for the mother. Fetal testing may be appropriate, based on the week of pregnancy. Patients and physicians should be aware, however, that oligohydramnios may not appear until after the fetus has sustained irreversible injury. Closely observe infants with histories of in utero exposure to Fosinopril for hypotension, oliguria, and hyperkalemia (see Pediatric Use).

• No teratogenic effects of Fosinopril were seen in studies of pregnant rats, mice, and rabbits. On a mg/m2 basis, the doses used in these studies were 60 times (in rats), 9 times (in mice), and more than 0.8 times (in rabbits) the maximum recommended human dose (assuming a 50-kg woman). On a mg/kg basis these multiples are 300 times (in rats), 90 times (in mice), and more than 3 times (in rabbits) the maximum recommended human dose.

Hepatic Failure

• Rarely, ACE inhibitors have been associated with a syndrome that starts with cholestatic jaundice and progresses to fulminant hepatic necrosis and (sometimes) death. The mechanism of this syndrome is not understood. Patients receiving ACE inhibitors who develop jaundice or marked elevations of hepatic enzymes should discontinue the ACE inhibitor and receive appropriate medical follow-up.

Hydrochlorothiazide

• Thiazides should be used with caution in severe renal disease. In patients with renal disease, thiazides may precipitate azotemia. Cumulative effects of the drug may develop in patients with impaired renal function.

• Thiazides should be used with caution in patients with impaired hepatic function or progressive liver disease, since minor alterations of fluid and electrolyte balance may precipitate hepatic coma.

• Sensitivity reactions may occur in patients with or without a history of allergy or bronchial asthma.

• The possibility of exacerbation or activation of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported.

• In general, lithium should not be given with diuretics

Adverse Reactions

Clinical Trials Experience

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Clinical Trials Experience in the drug label.

Postmarketing Experience

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Postmarketing Experience in the drug label.

Drug Interactions

Fosinopril

Dual Blockade of the Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS)

• Dual blockade of the RAS with angiotensin receptor blockers, ACE inhibitors, or aliskiren is associated with increased risks of hypotension, hyperkalemia, and changes in renal function (including acute renal failure) compared to monotherapy. Closely monitor blood pressure, renal function and electrolytes in patients on fosinopril and other agents that affect the RAS.

• Do not co-administer aliskiren with fosinopril in patients with diabetes. Avoid use of aliskiren with fosinopril in patients with renal impairment (GFR<60 mL/min).

Potassium supplements and potassium-sparing diuretics

• Fosinopril can attenuate potassium loss caused by thiazide diuretics. Potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, amiloride, triamterene, and others) or potassium supplements can increase the risk of hyperkalemia. Therefore, if concomitant use of such agents is indicated, they should be given with caution, and the patient’s serum potassium should be monitored frequently.

Lithium

• Increased serum lithium levels and symptoms of lithium toxicity have been reported in patients receiving ACE inhibitors during therapy with lithium. These drugs should be coadministered with caution, and frequent monitoring of serum lithium levels is recommended. If a diuretic is also used, the risk of lithium toxicity may be increased.

Antacids

• In a clinical pharmacology study, coadministration of an antacid (aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, and simethicone) with fosinopril reduced serum levels and urinary excretion of fosinoprilat as compared with fosinopril administrated alone, suggesting that antacids may impair absorption of fosinopril. Therefore, if concomitant administration of these agents is indicated, dosing should be separated by 2 hours.

Gold

• Nitritoid reactions (symptoms include facial flushing, nausea, vomiting, and hypotension) have been reported rarely in patients on therapy with injectable gold (sodium aurothiomalate) and concomitant ACE inhibitor therapy including fosinopril.

Other

• Neither fosinopril nor its metabolites have been found to interact with food. In separate single or multiple dose pharmacokinetic interaction studies with chlorthalidone, nifedipine, propranolol, hydrochlorothiazide, cimetidine, metoclopramide, propantheline, digoxin, and warfarin, the bioavailability of fosinoprilat was not altered by coadministration of fosinopril with any one of these drugs. In a study with concomitant administration of aspirin and fosinopril, the bioavailability of unbound fosinoprilat was not altered.

• In a pharmacokinetic interaction study with warfarin, bioavailability parameters, the degree of protein binding, and the anticoagulant effect (measured by prothrombin time) of warfarin were not significantly changed.

Drug/Laboratory Test Interaction

• Fosinopril may cause a false low measurement of serum digoxin levels with the Digi-Tab® RIA Kit for Digoxin. Other kits, such as the Coat-A-Count® RIA Kit, may be used.

• Insulin requirements in diabetic patients may be increased, decreased, or unchanged.

Hydrochlorothiazide

• Thiazides may decrease arterial responsiveness to norepinephrine, but not enough to preclude effectiveness of the pressor agent for therapeutic use.

• Thiazides may increase the responsiveness to tubocurarine.

• The diuretic, natriuretic, and antihypertensive effects of thiazide diuretics may be reduced by concurrent administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents; the effects (if any) of these agents on the antihypertensive effect of fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide have not been studied.

• By alkalinizing the urine,hydrochlorothiazide may decrease the effectiveness of methenamine.

• Cholestyramine and Colestipol Resins:Absorption of hydrochlorothiazide is impaired in the presence of anionic exchange resins. Single doses of either cholestyramine or colestipol resins bind the hydrochlorothiazide and reduce its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract by up to 85% and 43%, respectively.

Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

• Fosinopril and Hydrochlorothiazide: Reproductive studies and long-term carcinogenicity studies with fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide have not been conducted. The combination of fosinopril and hydrochlorothiazide was not mutagenic in the Ames microbial mutagen test, the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, or the Chinese hamster ovary cell cytogenetic assay. The combination was also not genotoxic in a mouse micronucleus test in vivo.

• Fosinopril Sodium: No evidence of a carcinogenicity was found when fosinopril was given in the diet to rats and mice for up to 24 months at doses up to 400 mg/kg/day. On a body weight basis, the highest dose was about 250 times the maximum human dose of 80 mg, given to a 50 kg subject. On a body surface area basis, this dose is 20 (mice) to 40 (rats) times the maximum human dose.

• Neither fosinopril nor the fosinoprilat moiety was mutagenic in the Ames microbial mutagen test, the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay, or a mitotic gene conversion assay. Fosinopril was also not genotoxic in a mouse micronucleus test in vivo and a mouse bone marrow cytogenetic assay in vivo.

• In Chinese hamster ovary cell cytogenetic assay, fosinopril increased the frequency of chromosomal aberrations when tested without metabolic activation at a concentration that was toxic to the cells. However, there was no increase in chromosomal aberrations at lower drug concentrations without metabolic activation or at any concentration with metabolic activation.

• There were no adverse reproductive effects in male and female rats treated with up to 60 mg/kg daily. At doses 4 times higher, slight increases in pairing time were seen. This higher dose is about 125 (body surface area basis) or 600 (body weight basis) times greater than the dose received by a 50 kg human receiving 20 mg a day.

• Hydrochlorothiazide: Under the auspices of the National Toxicology Program, rats and mice received hydrochlorothiazide for two years at doses up to 100 (rats) and 600 (mice) mg/kg/day. On a body weight basis, these highest doses were about 2400 times (mice) or 400 times (rats) the fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide dose of 12.5 mg, given to a 50 kg subject. On a body surface area basis, these doses are 226 times (mice) and 82 times (rats) the fosinopril sodium and hydrochlorothiazide dose. These studies uncovered no evidence of carcinogenicity in rats or female mice, but there was equivocal evidence of hepatocarcinogenicity in male mice.

• Hydrochlorothiazide was not genotoxic in in vitro assays using strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 of Salmonella typhimurium (Ames assay); in the Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) test for chromosomal aberrations; or in in vivo assays using mouse germinal cell chromosomes; Chinese Hamster bone-marrow chromosomes, and the Drosophila sex-linked recessive lethal trait gene. Using concentrations of hydrochlorothiazide of 43 to 1300 mg/mL, positive test results were obtained in the in vitro CHO Sister Chromatid Exchange (clastogenicity) test and in the Mouse Lymphoma Cell (mutagenicity) assays. Using an unspecified concentration of hydrochlorothiazide, positive test results were also obtained in the Aspergillus nidulans nondisjunction assay.

• No adverse effects upon fertility were seen when rats and mice received dietary hydrochlorothiazide prior to mating and throughout gestation at doses up to 4 (rats) and 100 (mice) mg/kg/day. These doses are from 3.2 (body surface area basis in rats) to 400 (weight basis in mice) times greater than the dose received by a 50 kg human receiving 12.5 mg a day.

Use in Specific Populations

Pregnancy

Pregnancy Category (FDA): There is no FDA guidance on usage of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in women who are pregnant.
Pregnancy Category (AUS): There is no Australian Drug Evaluation Committee (ADEC) guidance on usage of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in women who are pregnant.

Labor and Delivery

There is no FDA guidance on use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide during labor and delivery.

Nursing Mothers

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in women who are nursing.

Pediatric Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in pediatric settings.

Geriatic Use

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in geriatric settings.

Gender

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide with respect to specific gender populations.

Race

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide with respect to specific racial populations.

Renal Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in patients with renal impairment.

Hepatic Impairment

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hepatic impairment.

Females of Reproductive Potential and Males

There is no FDA guidance on the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in women of reproductive potentials and males.

Immunocompromised Patients

There is no FDA guidance one the use of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide in patients who are immunocompromised.

Administration and Monitoring

Administration

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Administration in the drug label.

Monitoring

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Monitoring in the drug label.

IV Compatibility

There is limited information regarding the compatibility of Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide and IV administrations.

Overdosage

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide overdosage. If you suspect drug poisoning or overdose, please contact the National Poison Help hotline (1-800-222-1222) immediately.

Pharmacology

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Pharmacology in the drug label.

Mechanism of Action

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Mechanism of Action in the drug label.

Structure

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Structure in the drug label.

Pharmacodynamics

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Pharmacodynamics in the drug label.

Pharmacokinetics

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Pharmacokinetics in the drug label.

Nonclinical Toxicology

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Nonclinical Toxicology in the drug label.

Clinical Studies

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Clinical Studies in the drug label.

How Supplied

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide How Supplied in the drug label.

Storage

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Storage in the drug label.

Images

Drug Images

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Patient Counseling Information

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Patient Counseling Information in the drug label.

Precautions with Alcohol

Alcohol-Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide interaction has not been established. Talk to your doctor regarding the effects of taking alcohol with this medication.

Brand Names

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Brand Names in the drug label.

Look-Alike Drug Names

There is limited information regarding Fosinopril/Hydrochlorothiazide Look-Alike Drug Names in the drug label.

Drug Shortage Status

Price

References

The contents of this FDA label are provided by the National Library of Medicine.