Esophageal cancer epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Rim Halaby, M.D. [2]Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [3] Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[4]
Overview
The majority of esophageal cancer cases are reported in the “Asian belt” area which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Estimated new cases and deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States in 2016:
- New cases: 16,940
- Deaths: 15,690
Worldwide, the predominant type of esophageal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. However, the rate of adenocarcinoma outnumbers squamous cell carcinoma in the Unites States and some European countries.[1]
Prevalence
- The prevalence of esophageal cancer differs among countries. In fact, esophageal cancer is most common in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.[2]
- In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer is 8.6 per 100,000 in 2011.[3]
Incidence
In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[3]
Age
- The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age. While the overall age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 4.4 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by age category is:[3]
- Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
- 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000
Gender
- In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:[3]
- In males: 0.0147%
- In females: 0.0036%
- In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:[3]
- In males: 7.83 per 100,000 persons
- In females: 1.83 per 100,000 persons
- In the United States, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender on 2011 is:[3]
- In males: 7.72 per 100,000 persons
- In females: 1.80 per 100,000 persons
Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011. These graphs are adapted from SEER: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.[3]
Race
- While squamous cell carcinoma is more common among black individuals, adenocarcinoma is more common among white people.[1] In the United States, 68.5% of white subjects with esophageal cancer had adenocarcinoma, whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had squamous cell carcinoma between 2007 and 2011.[3]
- Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.[3]
| All Races | White | Black | Asian/Pacific Islander | Hispanic | |
| Age-adjusted prevalence | 8.6 per 100,000 | 9.4 per 100,000 | 7 per 100,000 | 4.7 per 100,000 | 4.8 per 100,000 |
Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[3]
API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native
Percent Distribution of Invasive Esophageal Cancer by Histology
Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of invasive esophageal cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:[3]
- Carcinoma: 99.1%
- Epidermoid carcinoma: 33.7%
- 1. Squamous cell carcinoma: 33.6%
- 2. Transitional cell carcinoma
- 3. Basal cell carcinoma
- Adenocarcinoma: 60.7%
- Other specific carcinoma: 1.5%
- Carcinoma not otherwise specified: 3.2%
- Other specific types: 0.3%
- Unspecified: 0.6%
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
- ↑ Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (2013). "Oesophageal carcinoma". Lancet. 381 (9864): 400–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6. PMID 23374478.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.