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===Incidence===
===Incidence===
 
* In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


===Age===
===Age===


* The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age.  While the overall age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 4.4 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age.   
* While the overall age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 4.4 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by age category is:<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
** Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
** Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
** 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000
** 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000
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Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.  These graphs are adapted from [[SEER]]: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted [[incidence]] and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.  These graphs are adapted from [[SEER]]: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:delay adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States.PNG|824x824px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
<figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:delay adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States.PNG|824x824px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline>


===Race===
===Race===
* While squamous cell carcinoma is more common among black individuals, adenocarcinoma is more common among caucasians.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351  }} </ref>  In the United States, 68.5% of caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had [[adenocarcinoma]], whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had [[squamous cell carcinoma]].<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref><ref name="pmid28055103">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A |title=Cancer Statistics, 2017 |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |year=2017 |pmid=28055103 |doi=10.3322/caac.21387 |url=}}</ref>
* While squamous cell carcinoma is more common among black individuals, adenocarcinoma is more common among caucasians.<ref name="pmid24039351">{{cite journal| author=Zhang Y| title=Epidemiology of esophageal cancer. | journal=World J Gastroenterol | year= 2013 | volume= 19 | issue= 34 | pages= 5598-606 | pmid=24039351 | doi=10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598 | pmc=PMC3769895 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24039351  }} </ref>   
* In the United States, 68.5% of caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had [[adenocarcinoma]], whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had [[squamous cell carcinoma]].<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref><ref name="pmid28055103">{{cite journal |vauthors=Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A |title=Cancer Statistics, 2017 |journal=CA Cancer J Clin |volume=67 |issue=1 |pages=7–30 |year=2017 |pmid=28055103 |doi=10.3322/caac.21387 |url=}}</ref>


* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of invasive esophageal cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
* Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted [[prevalence]] of invasive esophageal cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
Line 54: Line 55:
Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>
Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.<ref name="SEER">Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.</ref>


<figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:Incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States.PNG|469x469px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline>
<figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline>[[Image:Incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States.PNG|469x469px]]</figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline>
<small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>
<small> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native</small>


Revision as of 19:20, 14 December 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Parminder Dhingra, M.D. [2] Hadeel Maksoud M.D.[3]

Overview

Esophageal cancer is the 6th leading cause of death from cancer and the 8th most common cancer in the world. In the United States, about 17000 new cases are diagnosed every year and 4.45 per 100,000 Americans has esophageal cancer. Esophageal cancer is mostly present in the "Asian belt" region which includes, Chin, Japan, India and Iran.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • Worldwide, the predominant type of esophageal cancer is squamous cell carcinoma. However, the rate of adenocarcinoma outnumbers squamous cell carcinoma in the United States and some European countries.[1]
  • Estimated new cases and deaths from esophageal cancer in the United States in 2012:
    • New cases: 16,940
    • Deaths: 15,690

Prevalence

  • The prevalence of esophageal cancer differs among countries. In fact, esophageal cancer is most common in the area of the “Asian belt” which includes China, Japan, India, Iran, Turkey, among other Middle Eastern countries.[2]
  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer is 8.6 per 100,000 in 2011.[3]

Incidence

  • In 2011, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer was 4.45 per 100,000 persons in the United States.[3]

Age

  • The risk of esophageal cancer increases with age.
  • While the overall age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer in the United States between 2007 and 2011 is 4.4 per 100,000, the age-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by age category is:[3]
    • Under 65 years: 1.8 per 100,000
    • 65 and over: 22.5 per 100,000

Gender

  • In the United States, the age-adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:[3]
    • In males: 0.0147%
    • In females: 0.0036%
  • In the United States, the delay-adjusted incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender in 2011 is:[3]
    • In males: 7.83 per 100,000 persons
    • In females: 1.83 per 100,000 persons

Shown below is an image depicting the delay-adjusted incidence and observed incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by gender and race in the United States between 1975 and 2011. These graphs are adapted from SEER: The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program of the National Cancer Institute.[3]

<figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline>

Race

  • While squamous cell carcinoma is more common among black individuals, adenocarcinoma is more common among caucasians.[1]
  • In the United States, 68.5% of caucasian subjects with esophageal cancer had adenocarcinoma, whereas 80% of black individuals affected with esophageal cancer had squamous cell carcinoma.[3][4]
  • Shown below is a table depicting the age-adjusted prevalence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in 2011 in the United States.[3]
All Races White Black Asian/Pacific Islander Hispanic
Age-adjusted prevalence 8.6 per 100,000 9.4 per 100,000 7 per 100,000 4.7 per 100,000 4.8 per 100,000

Shown below is an image depicting the incidence of invasive esophageal cancer by race in the United States between 1975 and 2011.[3]

<figure-inline><figure-inline><figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline></figure-inline> API: Asian/Pacific Islander; AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native

Percent Distribution of Invasive Esophageal Cancer by Histology

Among patients with histologically confirmed cases of invasive esophageal cancer, the percent distribution of the types of the disease between 2007 and 2011 in the United States are:[3]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Zhang Y (2013). "Epidemiology of esophageal cancer". World J Gastroenterol. 19 (34): 5598–606. doi:10.3748/wjg.v19.i34.5598. PMC 3769895. PMID 24039351.
  2. ↑ Pennathur A, Gibson MK, Jobe BA, Luketich JD (2013). "Oesophageal carcinoma". Lancet. 381 (9864): 400–12. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60643-6. PMID 23374478.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 Howlader N, Noone AM, Krapcho M, Garshell J, Miller D, Altekruse SF, Kosary CL, Yu M, Ruhl J, Tatalovich Z,Mariotto A, Lewis DR, Chen HS, Feuer EJ, Cronin KA (eds). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2011, National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, http://seer.cancer.gov/csr/1975_2011/, based on November 2013 SEER data submission, posted to the SEER web site, April 2014.
  4. ↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2017). "Cancer Statistics, 2017". CA Cancer J Clin. 67 (1): 7–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21387. PMID 28055103.


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