Epidural abscess causes: Difference between revisions

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*[[Trauma]]
*[[Trauma]]
{{col-end}}
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===Causes of Epidural Abscess Bases on Classification===
Although some infectious organisms might be responsible for either type of [[epidural abscess]], others are more common of one of those. Therefore, it is important to specify the most common causes of each [[epidural abscess]], in order for the physician to start proper therapy as early as possible. <ref name="Darouiche2006">{{cite journal|last1=Darouiche|first1=Rabih O.|title=Spinal Epidural Abscess|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=355|issue=19|year=2006|pages=2012–2020|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMra055111}}</ref><ref name="DannerHartman1987">{{cite journal|last1=Danner|first1=R. L.|last2=Hartman|first2=B. J.|title=Update of Spinal Epidural Abscess: 35 Cases and Review of the Literature|journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases|volume=9|issue=2|year=1987|pages=265–274|issn=1058-4838|doi=10.1093/clinids/9.2.265}}</ref><ref name="pmid1359657">{{cite journal| author=Nussbaum ES, Rigamonti D, Standiford H, Numaguchi Y, Wolf AL, Robinson WL| title=Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review. | journal=Surg Neurol | year= 1992 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 225-31 | pmid=1359657 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1359657  }} </ref><ref name="pmid1359381">{{cite journal| author=Darouiche RO, Hamill RJ, Greenberg SB, Weathers SW, Musher DM| title=Bacterial spinal epidural abscess. Review of 43 cases and literature survey. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 1992 | volume= 71 | issue= 6 | pages= 369-85 | pmid=1359381 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1359381  }} </ref><ref>{{Cite book  | last1 = Longo | first1 = Dan L. (Dan Louis) | title = Harrison's principles of internal medici | date = 2012 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-174889-6 | pages =  }}</ref>
====Intracranial Epidural Abscess====
*If [[infection]] following [[sinusitis]] case:
:*[[Microaerophile|Microaerophilic organisms]]
:*[[streptococci|Anaerobic streptococci]]
:*Other [[anaerobes]] - [[Propionibacterium]]
*If [[infection]] following [[neurosurgery]]:
:*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
:*[[Gram-negative bacteria]]
*[[osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis of the skull]]
====Spinal Epidural Abscess====
*[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
*[[MRSA]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]] <ref name="pmid7395641">{{cite journal| author=Griffiths DL| title=Tuberculosis of the spine: a review. | journal=Adv Tuberc Res | year= 1980 | volume= 20 | issue=  | pages= 92-110 | pmid=7395641 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7395641  }} </ref>


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Neurology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Crowdiagnosis]]

Revision as of 17:24, 13 July 2015

Epidural abscess Microchapters

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Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

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Differentiating Epidural abscess from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]

Overview

An epidural abscess is a rare suppurative infection of the central nervous system, a collection of pus localised in the epidural space, lying outside the dura mater. It may occur in two different places: intracranially or in the spinal canal. According to the region of infection, some responsible organisms will be shared by both types of abscess however, others will differ, mainly because of the risk factors involved in that particular area and the mechanisms of infection. In the case of intracranial epidural abscess, the most common risk factors are sinusitis and neurosurgical procedures, while in the case of spinal epidural abscess, the most common risk factors are infections of the surrounding tissues and spinal procedures.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening conditions may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Epidural abscess is a life-threatening condition and must be treated as such irrespective of the cause.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic Coagulase-negative staphylococci, MRSA, Propionibacterium, Sporothrix, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat Mastoiditis, Otitis, Peptostreptococcus species, Sinusitis
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Expanded polytetrafluethylene
Gastroenterologic Aerobic gram-negative bacilli, Dracunculus, Echinococcus, Escherichia coli
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Bloodstream infections
Iatrogenic Anesthetic procedures, Back surgery, Craniotomy, Epidural analgesia, Epidural catheter, Neurosurgery, Recent neurosurgery, Scalp venous catheter, Spinal surgery
Infectious Disease Aerobic gram-negative bacilli, Anaerobes, Anaerobic streptococci, Bloodstream infections, Bone infections, Candida, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Dracunculus, Echinococcus, Escherichia coli, Fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative rods, Gram-positive bacilli, Mastoiditis, Microaerophilic organisms, MRSA, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis of the skull, Osteomyelitis, Otitis, Parasites, Peptostreptococcus species, Propionibacterium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pyogenic infectious discitis, Sinusitis, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococci
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Bone infections, Osteomyelitis of the skull, Osteomyelitis, Pyogenic infectious discitis
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Aspergillus species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual Candida
Trauma Head injury, Sporothrix, Trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Aerobic gram-negative bacilli, Anaerobes, Anaerobic streptococci, Aspergillus species, Bloodstream infections, Candida, Coagulase-negative staphylococci, Dracunculus, Echinococcus, Escherichia coli, Fungi, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-negative rods, Gram-positive bacilli, Microaerophilic organisms, MRSA, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Osteomyelitis of the skull, Osteomyelitis, Parasites, Peptostreptococcus species, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pyogenic infectious discitis, Sporothrix, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococci

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Causes of Epidural Abscess Bases on Classification

Although some infectious organisms might be responsible for either type of epidural abscess, others are more common of one of those. Therefore, it is important to specify the most common causes of each epidural abscess, in order for the physician to start proper therapy as early as possible. [1][2][3][4][5]

Intracranial Epidural Abscess

Spinal Epidural Abscess

References

  1. ↑ Darouiche, Rabih O. (2006). "Spinal Epidural Abscess". New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (19): 2012–2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMra055111. ISSN 0028-4793.
  2. ↑ Danner, R. L.; Hartman, B. J. (1987). "Update of Spinal Epidural Abscess: 35 Cases and Review of the Literature". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 265–274. doi:10.1093/clinids/9.2.265. ISSN 1058-4838.
  3. ↑ Nussbaum ES, Rigamonti D, Standiford H, Numaguchi Y, Wolf AL, Robinson WL (1992). "Spinal epidural abscess: a report of 40 cases and review". Surg Neurol. 38 (3): 225–31. PMID 1359657.
  4. ↑ Darouiche RO, Hamill RJ, Greenberg SB, Weathers SW, Musher DM (1992). "Bacterial spinal epidural abscess. Review of 43 cases and literature survey". Medicine (Baltimore). 71 (6): 369–85. PMID 1359381.
  5. ↑ Longo, Dan L. (Dan Louis) (2012). Harrison's principles of internal medici. New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-174889-6.
  6. ↑ Griffiths DL (1980). "Tuberculosis of the spine: a review". Adv Tuberc Res. 20: 92–110. PMID 7395641.
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