Diabetic foot laboratory findings: Difference between revisions
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*For detection of main responsible [[microorganisms]] [[biopsy]], [[curettage]] or aspiration a tissue sample is recommended. It is recommended to obtain a sample from discharge of [[ulcer]]'s base. Moreover, due to contamination of all [[ulcers]] , culture from non-[[infection|infectious]] [[ulcers]] is not recommended.<ref name="pmid10480782">{{cite journal| author=American Diabetes Association| title=Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7-8 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1999 | volume= 22 | issue= 8 | pages= 1354-60 | pmid=10480782 | doi=10.2337/diacare.22.8.1354 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10480782 }} </ref> | *For detection of main responsible [[microorganisms]] [[biopsy]], [[curettage]] or aspiration a tissue sample is recommended. It is recommended to obtain a sample from discharge of [[ulcer]]'s base. Moreover, due to contamination of all [[ulcers]] , culture from non-[[infection|infectious]] [[ulcers]] is not recommended.<ref name="pmid10480782">{{cite journal| author=American Diabetes Association| title=Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7-8 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 1999 | volume= 22 | issue= 8 | pages= 1354-60 | pmid=10480782 | doi=10.2337/diacare.22.8.1354 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10480782 }} </ref> | ||
*For confirming [[osteomyelitis]] [[diagnosis]] and for appropriate [[antibiotic]] [[treatment]], it is critical to obtain a [[bone]] [[biopsy]].<ref name="pmid9431370">{{cite journal| author=Lipsky BA| title=Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 1318-26 | pmid=9431370 | doi=10.1086/516148 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9431370 }} </ref> | *For confirming [[osteomyelitis]] [[diagnosis]] and for appropriate [[antibiotic]] [[treatment]], it is critical to obtain a [[bone]] [[biopsy]].<ref name="pmid9431370">{{cite journal| author=Lipsky BA| title=Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 1997 | volume= 25 | issue= 6 | pages= 1318-26 | pmid=9431370 | doi=10.1086/516148 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9431370 }} </ref> | ||
===Obtaining Specimens=== | |||
* Properly obtained specimens for [[Tissue culture|culture]] prior to initiating [[empiric therapy]] provide useful information for guiding [[antibiotic]] selection, particularly in those with [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] or previously [[treatnent|treated]] [[infections]] which are commonly caused by [[gram-negative bacilli]] or [[obligate anaerobic|obligate anaerobic organisms]].<ref name="pmid23970716">{{cite journal| author=Wukich DK, Armstrong DG, Attinger CE, Boulton AJ, Burns PR, Frykberg RG et al.| title=Inpatient management of diabetic foot disorders: a clinical guide. | journal=Diabetes Care | year= 2013 | volume= 36 | issue= 9 | pages= 2862-71 | pmid=23970716 | doi=10.2337/dc12-2712 | pmc=PMC3747877 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23970716 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22619242">{{cite journal| author=Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG et al.| title=2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2012 | volume= 54 | issue= 12 | pages= e132-73 | pmid=22619242 | doi=10.1093/cid/cis346 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22619242 }} </ref> | |||
:* [[infection|Infected]] [[wounds]] should be [[Tissue culture|cultured]] by obtaining [[Tissue (biology)|tissue samples]] during any [[surgery|surgical procedure]] or by [[Tissue (biology)|tissue]] [[biopsy]] or [[wound]] base [[curettage]]. | |||
:* [[Bone]] [[Tissue culture|cultures]] are optimal for detecting the [[pathogen]] in [[osteomyelitis]], but [[blood cultures]] are only necessary for those with a severe (grade 4) [[infection]]. | |||
:* [[Tissue culture|Cultures]] may be unnecessary for mild [[infections]] in [[patients]] who have not recently received [[antibiotic]] [[therapy]] and who are at low risk for [[MRSA|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'' (MRSA)]] [[infection]]; these [[infections]] are predictably caused solely by [[staphylococci]] and [[streptococci]]. | |||
:* [[Tissue culture|Cultures]] may yield [[organisms]] that are commonly considered to be contaminants (eg, [[CoNS|coagulase-negative staphylococci]], [[corynebacteria]]), but these may be true [[pathogens]] in [[diabetic foot]] [[infection]] and are often resistant to the [[empiric therapy|empiric antibiotics]]. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 10:22, 10 July 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2]
Overview
Laboratory Findings
- Even in deeply infected ulcers laboratory measures such as WBC, ESR and CRP might be normal. Nevertheless elevated measures demonstrate infection.[1]
- Presence of infection in diabetic ulcers can worsen the glycemic control.[2]
- For detection of main responsible microorganisms biopsy, curettage or aspiration a tissue sample is recommended. It is recommended to obtain a sample from discharge of ulcer's base. Moreover, due to contamination of all ulcers , culture from non-infectious ulcers is not recommended.[3]
- For confirming osteomyelitis diagnosis and for appropriate antibiotic treatment, it is critical to obtain a bone biopsy.[4]
Obtaining Specimens
- Properly obtained specimens for culture prior to initiating empiric therapy provide useful information for guiding antibiotic selection, particularly in those with chronic or previously treated infections which are commonly caused by gram-negative bacilli or obligate anaerobic organisms.[5][6]
- Infected wounds should be cultured by obtaining tissue samples during any surgical procedure or by tissue biopsy or wound base curettage.
- Bone cultures are optimal for detecting the pathogen in osteomyelitis, but blood cultures are only necessary for those with a severe (grade 4) infection.
- Cultures may be unnecessary for mild infections in patients who have not recently received antibiotic therapy and who are at low risk for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection; these infections are predictably caused solely by staphylococci and streptococci.
- Cultures may yield organisms that are commonly considered to be contaminants (eg, coagulase-negative staphylococci, corynebacteria), but these may be true pathogens in diabetic foot infection and are often resistant to the empiric antibiotics.
References
- ↑ Lepäntalo, M.; Apelqvist, J.; Setacci, C.; Ricco, J.-B.; de Donato, G.; Becker, F.; Robert-Ebadi, H.; Cao, P.; Eckstein, H.H.; De Rango, P.; Diehm, N.; Schmidli, J.; Teraa, M.; Moll, F.L.; Dick, F.; Davies, A.H. (2011). "Chapter V: Diabetic Foot". European Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery. 42: S60–S74. doi:10.1016/S1078-5884(11)60012-9. ISSN 1078-5884.
- ↑ Lipsky, Benjamin A. (2004). "A report from the international consensus on diagnosing and treating the infected diabetic foot". Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews. 20 (S1): S68–S77. doi:10.1002/dmrr.453. ISSN 1520-7552.
- ↑ American Diabetes Association (1999). "Consensus Development Conference on Diabetic Foot Wound Care: 7-8 April 1999, Boston, Massachusetts. American Diabetes Association". Diabetes Care. 22 (8): 1354–60. doi:10.2337/diacare.22.8.1354. PMID 10480782.
- ↑ Lipsky BA (1997). "Osteomyelitis of the foot in diabetic patients". Clin Infect Dis. 25 (6): 1318–26. doi:10.1086/516148. PMID 9431370.
- ↑ Wukich DK, Armstrong DG, Attinger CE, Boulton AJ, Burns PR, Frykberg RG; et al. (2013). "Inpatient management of diabetic foot disorders: a clinical guide". Diabetes Care. 36 (9): 2862–71. doi:10.2337/dc12-2712. PMC 3747877. PMID 23970716.
- ↑ Lipsky BA, Berendt AR, Cornia PB, Pile JC, Peters EJ, Armstrong DG; et al. (2012). "2012 Infectious Diseases Society of America clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot infections". Clin Infect Dis. 54 (12): e132–73. doi:10.1093/cid/cis346. PMID 22619242.