Diabetes mellitus type 2 epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]
Overview
Epidemiology
- The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the U.S is estimated at 9,300 per 100,000[1].
Demographics
About 90–95% of all North American cases of diabetes are type 2[2], and about 20% of the population over the age of 65 has diabetes mellitus type 2. The fraction of type 2 diabetics in other parts of the world varies substantially, almost certainly for environmental and lifestyle reasons, though these are not known in detail. Diabetes affects over 150 million people worldwide with this number expected to double by 2025[2]. There is also a strong inheritable genetic connection in type 2 diabetes: having relatives (especially first degree) with type 2 is a considerable risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. In addition there is also a mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in an earlier onset, more severe form of diabetes[3],[4]. About 55 percent of type 2 are obese[5] —chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into diabetes, most likely because adipose tissue is a (recently identified) source of chemical signals (hormones and cytokines). Other research shows that type 2 diabetes causes obesity.[6]
Diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in the following groups[1][7]:
- Males: diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in males than females.
- Age: the incidence of diabetes mellitus increases with increasing age. Those older than 65 years of age have a higher percentage of diabetes mellitus than younger age groups.
- Race: The incidence of diabetes mellitus is highest among American Indians and Alaska Natives, followed by non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. The lowest rate of diabetes is among the non-Hispanic whites.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001, 414, 782-787.
- ↑ Sakagashira, S., Sanke, T., Hanabusa, T., Shimomura, H., Ohagi, S., Kumagaye, K. Y.,Nakajima, K. & Nanjo, K. Missense mutation of amylin gene (S20G) in Japanese NIDDM patients. Diabetes 1996, 45, 1279-1281.
- ↑ Seino, S. S20G mutation of the amylin gene is associated with Type II diabetes in Japanese. Diabetologia 2001, 44, (7), 906-909.
- ↑ Eberhart, M. S. (November 19, 2004). "Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 53 (45): 1066–1068. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help) - ↑ Camastra S, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Rett K, Weck M, Ferrannini E (1999). "Effect of obesity and insulin resistance on resting and glucose-induced thermogenesis in man. EGIR (European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance)". Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 23 (12): 1307–13. PMID 10643689.
- ↑ Selvin E, Parrinello CM, Sacks DB, Coresh J (2014). "Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010". Ann. Intern. Med. 160 (8): 517–25. doi:10.7326/M13-2411. PMC 4442608. PMID 24733192.