Diabetes mellitus type 2 epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 15:51, 9 March 2017

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Dima Nimri, M.D. [2]

Overview

Epidemiology

Prevalence

In 2011, about 336 million people had type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide. This is approximately 5,000 per 100,000. The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the U.S is estimated at 7000 to 9,300 per 100,000^[1]. Approximately 20% of the population over age 65 have type 2 DM.

Incidence

In the United States, approximately 4100 people are diagnosed with diabetes. 90-95% of these are type 2 diabetes diagnoses.^[2]

Demographics

Age

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is approximately 20% among people older than 65 years old, compared to a prevalence of approximately 5% in the general population.

Gender

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in males than females.

Race

In the United States, the prevalence of diabetes mellitus is highest among American Indians and Alaska Natives, followed by non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. The lowest incidence of diabetes in the United States is among the non-Hispanic whites^[3]^[1].

Worldwide,

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016
↑ Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001, 414, 782-787.
↑ Selvin E, Parrinello CM, Sacks DB, Coresh J (2014). "Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010". Ann. Intern. Med. 160 (8): 517–25. doi:10.7326/M13-2411. PMC 4442608. PMID 24733192.

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[CDC-1] 1.0 ^1.1 National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016

[nature-2] Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001, 414, 782-787.

[pmid24733192-3] Selvin E, Parrinello CM, Sacks DB, Coresh J (2014). "Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010". Ann. Intern. Med. 160 (8): 517–25. doi:10.7326/M13-2411. PMC 4442608. PMID 24733192.

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[2]

[3]

@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==Epidemiology==
-*The prevalence of [[diabetes mellitus]] in the U.S is estimated at 9,300 per 100,000<ref name="CDC"> National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016</ref>.
+=== Prevalence ===
+In 2011, about 336 million people had type 2 diabetes mellitus worldwide. This is approximately 5,000 per 100,000. The prevalence of [[diabetes mellitus]] in the U.S is estimated at 7000 to 9,300 per 100,000<ref name="CDC">National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016</ref>. Approximately 20% of the population over age 65 have type 2 DM.
+=== Incidence ===
+In the United States, approximately 4100 people are diagnosed with diabetes. 90-95% of these are type 2 diabetes diagnoses.<ref name="nature">Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. ''Nature'' '''2001''', 414, 782-787.</ref>
 ==Demographics==
+=== Age ===
+The prevalence of type 2 [[diabetes mellitus]] is approximately 20% among people older than 65 years old, compared to a prevalence of approximately 5% in the general population.
+=== Gender ===
+Type 2 diabetes mellitus is more prevalent in males than females.
-About 90–95% of all North American cases of diabetes are type 2<ref name="nature">Zimmet, P., Alberti, K. G. M. M., Shaw, J. Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. ''Nature'' '''2001''', 414, 782-787.</ref>, and about 20% of the population over the age of 65 has diabetes mellitus type 2. The fraction of type 2 diabetics in other parts of the world varies substantially, almost certainly for environmental and lifestyle reasons, though these are not known in detail. Diabetes affects over 150 million people worldwide with this number expected to double by 2025<ref name="nature"/>. There is also a strong inheritable [[genetics|genetic]] connection in type 2 diabetes: having relatives (especially first degree) with type 2 is a considerable risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes. In addition there is also a mutation to the Islet Amyloid Polypeptide gene that results in an earlier onset, more severe form of diabetes<ref>Sakagashira, S., Sanke, T., Hanabusa, T., Shimomura, H., Ohagi, S., Kumagaye, K. Y.,Nakajima, K. & Nanjo, K. Missense mutation of amylin gene (S20G) in Japanese NIDDM
+=== Race ===
-patients. ''Diabetes'' '''1996''', 45, 1279-1281.</ref><sup>,</sup><ref>Seino, S. S20G mutation of the amylin gene is associated with Type II diabetes in Japanese. ''Diabetologia'' '''2001''', 44, (7), 906-909.</ref>. About 55 percent of type 2 are [[obesity|obese]]<ref>{{cite journal
+In the United States, the prevalence of [[diabetes mellitus]] is highest among American Indians and Alaska Natives, followed by non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. The lowest incidence of diabetes in the United States is among the non-Hispanic whites<ref name="pmid24733192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Selvin E, Parrinello CM, Sacks DB, Coresh J |title=Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010 |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=160 |issue=8 |pages=517–25 |year=2014 |pmid=24733192 |pmc=4442608 |doi=10.7326/M13-2411 |url=}}</ref><ref name="CDC">National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016</ref>.
- | last = Eberhart
- | first = M. S.
- | coauthors = Ogden, C, Engelgau, M, Cadwell, B, Hedley, A. A., Saydah, S. H.,
- | title = Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults with Diagnosed Diabetes --- United States, 1988--1994 and 1999--2002
- | journal = Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
- | volume = 53
- | issue = 45
- | pages = 1066-1068
- | publisher = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- | date = November 19, 2004
- | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwR/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5345a2.htm
-}}</ref> —chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into diabetes, most likely because [[adipose tissue]] is a (recently identified) source of chemical signals (hormones and [[cytokines]]).  Other research shows that type 2 diabetes causes obesity.<!--
-  --><ref name="IntJObes.1999-Camastra">{{cite journal | author=Camastra S, Bonora E, Del Prato S, Rett K, Weck M, Ferrannini E | title=Effect of obesity and insulin resistance on resting and glucose-induced thermogenesis in man. EGIR (European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance) | journal=Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord | year=1999 | pages=1307-13 | volume=23 | issue=12 | id=PMID 10643689}}</ref>
-[[Diabetes mellitus]] is more prevalent in the following groups<ref name="CDC"> National Diabetes Statistics Report 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pubs/statsreport14/national-diabetes-report-web.pdf. Accessed on Nov 19, 2016</ref><ref name="pmid24733192">{{cite journal |vauthors=Selvin E, Parrinello CM, Sacks DB, Coresh J |title=Trends in prevalence and control of diabetes in the United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2010 |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=160 |issue=8 |pages=517–25 |year=2014 |pmid=24733192 |pmc=4442608 |doi=10.7326/M13-2411 |url=}}</ref>:
+Worldwide,
-*Males: [[diabetes mellitus]] is more prevalent in males than females.
-*Age: the incidence of [[diabetes mellitus]] increases with increasing age. Those older than 65 years of age have a higher percentage of [[diabetes mellitus]] than younger age groups.
-*Race: The incidence of [[diabetes mellitus]] is highest among American Indians and Alaska Natives, followed by non-Hispanic blacks and Mexican Americans. The lowest rate of diabetes is among the non-Hispanic whites.
 ==References==