Diabetes mellitus type 1 natural history, complications, and prognosis: Difference between revisions
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== Natural History == | == Natural History == | ||
The symptoms of type 1 diabetes | * The [[symptom|symptoms]] of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] usually develop in the first decade of life, and start with non-specific [[symptom|symptoms]] of classic new onset [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] or acute [[symptom|symptoms]] with [[diabetic ketoacidosis]]. Without [[treatment]], the patient will develop [[Complication (medicine) | ||
|complications]] of [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]].<ref name="pmid16306336">{{cite journal| author=Achenbach P, Bonifacio E, Koczwara K, Ziegler AG| title=Natural history of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Diabetes | year= 2005 | volume= 54 Suppl 2 | issue= | pages= S25-31 | pmid=16306336 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16306336 }}</ref> | |||
== Complications == | == Complications == | ||
Complications for type 1 | * [[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] for [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] include:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diabetes.org/diabetes-basics/statistics/|title=ADA|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>Type 1 Diabetes mellitus "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 27th,2016</ref><ref>Type 1 Diabetes mellitus "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 27th,2016</ref><ref name="TengTian2017">{{cite journal|last1=Teng|first1=Zhi-Pan|last2=Tian|first2=Rui|last3=Xing|first3=Fen-Li|last4=Tang|first4=Hui|last5=Xu|first5=Jin-Jing|last6=Zhang|first6=Bing-Wen|last7=Qi|first7=Jian-Wei|title=An association of type 1 diabetes mellitus with auditory dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=127|issue=7|year=2017|pages=1689–1697|issn=0023852X|doi=10.1002/lary.26346}}</ref> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="2" |Complications of Diabetes | ! colspan="2" |[[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] of [[Diabetes]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Acute | |Acute [[Complication (medicine)|Complications]] due to [[hyperglycemia]] | ||
| | | | ||
* [[DKA|Diabetes ketoacidosis]] | * [[DKA|Diabetes ketoacidosis]] | ||
* [[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state|Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state]] | * [[Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state|Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Microvascular complications | |Microvascular [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] | ||
|Eye disease | |Eye disease | ||
* [[Retinopathy]] (nonproliferative/proliferative) | * [[Retinopathy]] (nonproliferative/proliferative) | ||
| Line 26: | Line 27: | ||
[[Diabetic neuropathy|Neuropathy]] Sensory and motor (mono- and polyneuropathy) | [[Diabetic neuropathy|Neuropathy]] Sensory and motor (mono- and polyneuropathy) | ||
and Autonomic neuropathy | and Autonomic [[neuropathy]] | ||
[[Diabetic nephropathy|Nephropathy]] (albuminuria and declining renal function) | [[Diabetic nephropathy|Nephropathy]] ([[albuminuria]] and declining renal function) | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Macrovascular complications | |Macrovascular [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] | ||
|[[Coronary heart disease]] | |[[Coronary heart disease]] | ||
[[Peripheral arterial disease]] | [[Peripheral arterial disease]] | ||
| Line 48: | Line 49: | ||
[[Glaucoma]] | [[Glaucoma]] | ||
Cheiroarthropathy (thickened skin and reduced [[joint]] mobility) | |||
Periodontal disease | [[Periodontitis|Periodontal disease]] | ||
[[Hearing loss]] | [[Hearing loss]] | ||
[[Depression]] | [[Depression]] | ||
[[Obstructive sleep apnea]] | [[Obstructive sleep apnea]] | ||
Fatty liver disease | Fatty liver disease | ||
[[Hip fracture]] | [[Hip fracture]] | ||
[[Osteoporosis]] | [[Osteoporosis]] | ||
[[Cognitive impairment]] | [[Cognitive impairment]] | ||
| Line 73: | Line 74: | ||
|} | |} | ||
* In a control study patients with | * In a [[control study]] patients with [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] had significantly lower total body [[bone mineral density]] ([[bone mineral density|BMD]]) z-score values. Lower levels of [[osteocalcin]], [[C-terminus|C-terminal]] telopeptide, [[calcium]], [[phosphorus]], and [[magnesium]] have been found in patients with [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] compared to [[Scientific control|control group]].<ref name="LeãoFritz2020">{{cite journal|last1=Leão|first1=Andreia Araújo Porchat|last2=Fritz|first2=Camilla Kapp|last3=Dias|first3=Marcia Regina Messaggi Gomes|last4=Carvalho|first4=Julienne Angela Ramires|last5=Mascarenhas|first5=Luis Paulo Gomes|last6=Cat|first6=Mônica Nunes Lima|last7=Radominski|first7=Rosana|last8=Nesi-França|first8=Suzana|title=Bone mass and dietary intake in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus|journal=Journal of Diabetes and its Complications|volume=34|issue=6|year=2020|pages=107573|issn=10568727|doi=10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107573}}</ref> | ||
*A study demonstrated that children with type 1 | * A study demonstrated that children with [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetes]] mentioned barriers for physical activity (eg, fear of [[hypoglycemia]], loss of control of [[diabetes]] and low fitness). This study report significant improvement with parental support. <ref name="JabbourHenderson2016">{{cite journal|last1=Jabbour|first1=Georges|last2=Henderson|first2=Mélanie|last3=Mathieu|first3=Marie-Eve|title=Barriers to Active Lifestyles in Children with Type 1 Diabetes|journal=Canadian Journal of Diabetes|volume=40|issue=2|year=2016|pages=170–172|issn=14992671|doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.12.001}}</ref> | ||
* Based on a [[systematic review]], [[Diabetes mellitus type 1|type 1 diabetic]] patients have worse [[Executive system|executive function]] performance, working memory and task switching, compared to [[Scientific control|control group]].<ref name="BroadleyWhite2017">{{cite journal|last1=Broadley|first1=Melanie M.|last2=White|first2=Melanie J.|last3=Andrew|first3=Brooke|title=A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Executive Function Performance in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus|journal=Psychosomatic Medicine|volume=79|issue=6|year=2017|pages=684–696|issn=0033-3174|doi=10.1097/PSY.0000000000000460}}</ref> | |||
* | |||
==Prognosis== | ==Prognosis== | ||
Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure. Tight control of blood glucose can prevent or delay diabetes complications. But these problems can occur, even in people with good diabetes control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/life-expectancy-for-type-1-diabetes/|title=Diabetes in control|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> | * [[Diabetes]] is a lifelong disease and there is no cure. Tight control of [[Blood sugar|blood glucose]] can prevent or delay [[diabetes]] [[Complication (medicine)|complications]]. But these problems can occur, even in people with good [[diabetes]] control.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/life-expectancy-for-type-1-diabetes/|title=Diabetes in control|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 09:24, 29 August 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
If left untreated, patients with [type 1 DM] may progress to develop complications of the hyperglycemia state, which commonly include diabetes ketoacidosis and hyperglycemia hyperosmolar state. Prognosis is generally good with compliance with medications.
Natural History
- The symptoms of type 1 diabetes usually develop in the first decade of life, and start with non-specific symptoms of classic new onset type 1 diabetes or acute symptoms with diabetic ketoacidosis. Without treatment, the patient will develop [[Complication (medicine)
|complications]] of type 1 diabetes.[1]
Complications
- Complications for type 1 diabetes include:[2][3][4][5]
| Complications of Diabetes | |
|---|---|
| Acute Complications due to hyperglycemia | |
| Microvascular complications | Eye disease
Neuropathy Sensory and motor (mono- and polyneuropathy) and Autonomic neuropathy Nephropathy (albuminuria and declining renal function) |
| Macrovascular complications | Coronary heart disease |
| Other | Gastrointestinal (gastroparesis, diarrhea)
Genitourinary (uropathy/sexual dysfunction) Cheiroarthropathy (thickened skin and reduced joint mobility) Fatty liver disease Low testosterone in men |
- In a control study patients with type 1 diabetes had significantly lower total body bone mineral density (BMD) z-score values. Lower levels of osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium have been found in patients with type 1 diabetes compared to control group.[6]
- A study demonstrated that children with type 1 diabetes mentioned barriers for physical activity (eg, fear of hypoglycemia, loss of control of diabetes and low fitness). This study report significant improvement with parental support. [7]
- Based on a systematic review, type 1 diabetic patients have worse executive function performance, working memory and task switching, compared to control group.[8]
Prognosis
- Diabetes is a lifelong disease and there is no cure. Tight control of blood glucose can prevent or delay diabetes complications. But these problems can occur, even in people with good diabetes control.[9]
References
- ↑ Achenbach P, Bonifacio E, Koczwara K, Ziegler AG (2005). "Natural history of type 1 diabetes". Diabetes. 54 Suppl 2: S25–31. PMID 16306336.
- ↑ "ADA".
- ↑ Type 1 Diabetes mellitus "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 27th,2016
- ↑ Type 1 Diabetes mellitus "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 27th,2016
- ↑ Teng, Zhi-Pan; Tian, Rui; Xing, Fen-Li; Tang, Hui; Xu, Jin-Jing; Zhang, Bing-Wen; Qi, Jian-Wei (2017). "An association of type 1 diabetes mellitus with auditory dysfunction: A systematic review and meta-analysis". The Laryngoscope. 127 (7): 1689–1697. doi:10.1002/lary.26346. ISSN 0023-852X.
- ↑ Leão, Andreia Araújo Porchat; Fritz, Camilla Kapp; Dias, Marcia Regina Messaggi Gomes; Carvalho, Julienne Angela Ramires; Mascarenhas, Luis Paulo Gomes; Cat, Mônica Nunes Lima; Radominski, Rosana; Nesi-França, Suzana (2020). "Bone mass and dietary intake in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus". Journal of Diabetes and its Complications. 34 (6): 107573. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107573. ISSN 1056-8727.
- ↑ Jabbour, Georges; Henderson, Mélanie; Mathieu, Marie-Eve (2016). "Barriers to Active Lifestyles in Children with Type 1 Diabetes". Canadian Journal of Diabetes. 40 (2): 170–172. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.12.001. ISSN 1499-2671.
- ↑ Broadley, Melanie M.; White, Melanie J.; Andrew, Brooke (2017). "A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Executive Function Performance in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus". Psychosomatic Medicine. 79 (6): 684–696. doi:10.1097/PSY.0000000000000460. ISSN 0033-3174.
- ↑ "Diabetes in control".