Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy

	2016 ADA Guideline Recommendations
Types of Diabetes Mellitus
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2016 ADA Standard of Medical Care Guideline Recommendations
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Microvascular Complications and Foot Care Diabetic Kidney Disease Diabetic Retinopathy Diabetic Neuropathy Diabetic Footcare
Older Adults with Diabetes
Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Management of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes Microvascular Complications in Children and Adolescents with Diabetes
Management of Diabetes in Pregnancy
Diabetes Care in the Hospital Setting

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Shivani Chaparala M.B.B.S [2]; Tarek Nafee, M.D. [3]

2016 ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes Guidelines^[1]

"1. Provide preconception counseling that addresses the importance of glycemic control as close to normal as is safely possible, ideally A1C <6.5% (48 mmol/mol), to reduce the risk of congenital anomalies. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Family planning should be discussed and effective contraception should be prescribed and used until a woman is prepared and ready to become pregnant. (Level of Evidence: A)"
"3. Women with preexisting type 1 or type 2 diabetes who are planning pregnancy or who have become pregnant should be counseled on the risk of development and/or progression of diabetic retinopathy. Eye examinations should occur before pregnancy or in the first trimester and then be monitored every trimester and for 1 year postpartum as indicated by degree of retinopathy. (Level of Evidence: B)"

"1. Lifestyle change is an essential component of management of gestational di- abetes mellitus and may suffice for treatment for many women. Medications should be added if needed to achieve glycemic targets (Level of Evidence: A)"
"2. Preferred medications in gestational diabetes mellitus are insulin and metformin; glyburide may be used but may have a higher rate of neonatal hypoglycemia and macrosomia than insulin or metformin. Other agents have not been adequately studied. Most oral agents cross the placenta, and all lack long-term safety data. (Level of Evidence: A)"

"1. Potentially teratogenic medications (ACE inhibitors, statins, etc.) should be avoided in sexually active women of childbearing age who are not using reli- able contraception. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Fasting, preprandial, and postprandial self-monitoring of blood glucose are recommended in both gestational diabetes mellitus and pregestational diabe- tes in pregnancy to achieve glycemic control (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. Due to increased red blood cell turnover, A1C is lower in normal pregnancy than in normal nonpregnant women. The A1C target in pregnancy is 6–6.5% (42–48 mmol/mol); <6% (42 mmol/mol) may be optimal if this can be achieved without significant hypoglycemia, but the target may be relaxed to <7% (53 mmol/mol) if necessary to prevent hypoglycemia. (Level of Evidence: B)"