Diabetes mellitus type 1 epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Epidemiology and demographics of type 1 diabetes mellitus varies with geography, age, race and genetic susceptibility.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

• Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus varies with geography, age, race, and genetic susceptibility.
• Epidemiology and demographics of type 1 diabetes mellitus among children:

New cases of type 1 diabetes(0-14 years per 100,000 children per year), 2011

• At a rate of 3-5% each year since 1960, the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing among children for not fully understood etiologies. Although it can be interpreted that environmental factors could be at least partially responsible, since genetic factors can not intervene in such a short time.
• In one study, incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in youth of the United States reported 24.3 (95% confidence interval [CI], 23.3-25.3).

Factors affecting the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus	Relationship between factors and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus	Epidemiology
Geography	Incidence increases with increase in distance from equator	Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus per 100,000 persons a year 0.1 to 0.5 per 100,000 persons in Venezula and parts of China 37 to 65 in Finland and Sardinia 23.6 per 100,000 per year in non-Hispanic white children and adolescents 36 per 100,000 per year in Newfoundland, Canada
Gender	Gender doesn't affect the overall incidence of childhood type 1 diabetes mellitus	The prevalence and incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus doesn't vary with gender.
Genetic susceptibility	There is increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes mellitus in close relatives of a patient with type 1 diabetes mellitus	Lifetime risk of developing Type 1 DM ●No family history – 0.4 percent ●Offspring of an affected mother – 1 to 4 percent ●Offspring of an affected father – 3 to 8 percent ●Offspring with both parents affected – reported as high as 30 percent ●Non-twin sibling of affected patient – 3 to 6 percent ●Dizygotic twin – 8 percent ●Monozygotic twin – 30 percent within 10 years of diagnosis of the first twin, and 65 percent concordance by age 60 years
Race	Incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus varies from race to race	Non-Hispanic white youth-2.55 ases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old African American- 1.62 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old Hispanic-1.29 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old Asian-Pacific Islanders-0.6 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old American Indians-0.35 cases per 1,000 children 0 to 19 years old, respectively)

Prevalence

• Type 1 diabetes affects ~15-30 million people globally.
• In 2012, Ada estimated the prevalence of type 1 diabetes mellitus in american children and adults at 1.25 million.
• 5.6% of american adults diagnosed with diabetes mellitus have type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

• The mortality rate among type 1 diabetes mellitus patients was 2.2/1000, based on a study done on Norwegian patients who were diagnosed between 1973 and 1982.

Age

• Bimodal distribution, with one peak at four to six years of age and a second between 10 to 14 years of age.
• Patients of all age groups may develop [disease name].
• The incidence of [disease name] increases with age; the median age at diagnosis is [#] years.
• [Disease name] commonly affects individuals younger than/older than [number of years] years of age.
• [Chronic disease name] is usually first diagnosed among [age group].
• [Acute disease name] commonly affects [age group].

Race

• In one study done on young population of the united states, type 1 diabetes mellitus were reported more frequent among non-Hispanic white, Hispanic and African Americans.
• [Disease name] usually affects individuals of the [race 1] race. [Race 2] individuals are less likely to develop [disease name].

Gender

• [Disease name] affects men and women equally.
• [Gender 1] are more commonly affected by [disease name] than [gender 2]. The [gender 1] to [gender 2] ratio is approximately [number > 1] to 1.

Region

• A study done on Gomel city population with radiation exposure after the Chernobyl incident demonstrated increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus.

• [Disease name] is a common/rare disease that tends to affect [patient population 1] and [patient population 2].