Diabetes mellitus type 1 causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
There are no established causes for [[type 1 | There are no established causes for [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]]. Studies have found that cause of [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] is the result of interactions of [[Genetics|genetic]], [[Environmental Science|environmental]], and immunologic factors. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
The exact cause of [[type 1 DM]] remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of [[Type 1 DM]] is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors: | *The exact cause of [[type 1 DM]] remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of [[Type 1 DM]] is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:<ref name="pmid27302272">{{cite journal| author=Pociot F, Lernmark Å| title=Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. | journal=Lancet | year= 2016 | volume= 387 | issue= 10035 | pages= 2331-9 | pmid=27302272 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27302272 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27625010">{{cite journal| author=Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S et al.| title=Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes. | journal=J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=27625010 | doi=10.1111/1753-0407.12483 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27625010 }}</ref><ref>Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.</ref><ref>Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.</ref><ref>Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.</ref><ref name="pmid27545597">{{cite journal| author=Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM| title=Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. | journal=Can J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 586-593 | pmid=27545597 | doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27545597 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26271890">{{cite journal| author=Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A| title=Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Theor Biol | year= 2015 | volume= 383 | issue= | pages= 93-105 | pmid=26271890 | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032 | pmc=4567915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26271890 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24105410">{{cite journal| author=Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M| title=General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2014 | volume= 75 | issue= 1-1 | pages= 45-50 | pmid=24105410 | doi=10.1038/pr.2013.167 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24105410 }}</ref> | ||
<ref name="pmid27302272">{{cite journal| author=Pociot F, Lernmark Å| title=Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes. | journal=Lancet | year= 2016 | volume= 387 | issue= 10035 | pages= 2331-9 | pmid=27302272 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27302272 }}</ref><ref name="pmid27625010">{{cite journal| author=Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S et al.| title=Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes. | journal=J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=27625010 | doi=10.1111/1753-0407.12483 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27625010 }}</ref><ref>Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.</ref><ref>Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.</ref><ref>Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.</ref><ref name="pmid27545597">{{cite journal| author=Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM| title=Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future. | journal=Can J Diabetes | year= 2016 | volume= 40 | issue= 6 | pages= 586-593 | pmid=27545597 | doi=10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27545597 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26271890">{{cite journal| author=Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A| title=Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes. | journal=J Theor Biol | year= 2015 | volume= 383 | issue= | pages= 93-105 | pmid=26271890 | doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032 | pmc=4567915 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26271890 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24105410">{{cite journal| author=Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M| title=General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. | journal=Pediatr Res | year= 2014 | volume= 75 | issue= 1-1 | pages= 45-50 | pmid=24105410 | doi=10.1038/pr.2013.167 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24105410 }}</ref> | |||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
! colspan="2" |Type 1 Diabetes causes | ! colspan="2" |Type 1 Diabetes causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Genes associated with | |Genes associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
|Candidate genes assoicated with type 1 diabetes are: | |Candidate [[gene|genes]] assoicated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] are: | ||
PTPN22, IL10, AFF3, IFIH1, STAT4, CTLA4, CCR5, IL21, IL2, IL7R, BACH2, TNFAIP3, TAGAP, IKZF1, GLIS3, IL2RA, PRKCQ, NRP1, INS, BAD, CD69, ITGB7, ERBB3, CYP27B1, SH2B3, GPR183, DLK1, RASGRP1, CTSH, CLEC16A, IL27, ORMDL3, PTPN2, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, and UBASK3A | PTPN22, IL10, AFF3, IFIH1, STAT4, CTLA4, CCR5, IL21, IL2, IL7R, BACH2, TNFAIP3, TAGAP, IKZF1, GLIS3, IL2RA, PRKCQ, NRP1, INS, BAD, CD69, ITGB7, ERBB3, CYP27B1, SH2B3, GPR183, DLK1, RASGRP1, CTSH, CLEC16A, IL27, ORMDL3, PTPN2, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, and UBASK3A | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Envirnomental triggers associated with | |Envirnomental triggers associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
| | | | ||
* [[Congenital rubella]] | * [[Congenital rubella]] | ||
* Maternal entero-viral infection | * Maternal entero-viral [[infection]] | ||
* Cesarean section | * [[Cesarean section]] | ||
* Higher birth weight | * Higher [[birth weight]] | ||
* Older maternal age | * Older maternal age | ||
* Low maternal intake of vegetables | * Low maternal intake of vegetables | ||
* [[Enterovirus|Enteroviral infection]] | * [[Enterovirus|Enteroviral infection]] | ||
* Frequent respiratory or enteric infections | * Frequent [[Respiratory tract infection|respiratory]] or enteric [[infection|infections]] | ||
* Abnormal microbiome | * Abnormal [[microbiome]] | ||
* Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk | * Early exposure to cereals, root vegetables, eggs and cow's milk | ||
* Infant weight gain | * Infant [[weight gain]] | ||
* Serious life events | * Serious life events | ||
* Persistent or recurrent entero-viral infections | * Persistent or recurrent entero-viral [[infection|infections]] | ||
* Overweight or increased height velocity | * Overweight or increased height velocity | ||
* High glycemic load, [[fructose]] intake | * High glycemic load, [[fructose]] intake | ||
* Dietary [[nitrates]] or nitrosamines | * Dietary [[nitrates]] or nitrosamines | ||
* [[Puberty]] | * [[Puberty]] | ||
* Steroid treatment | * [[Steroid]] [[treatment]] | ||
* [[Insulin resistance]] | * [[Insulin resistance]] | ||
* Psychological stress | * [[Stress (medicine)|Psychological stress]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Immunologic factors associated with | |Immunologic factors associated with [[type 1 diabetes mellitus]] | ||
| | | | ||
* Islet cell autoantibodies | * [[Islets of Langerhans|Islet cell]] [[autoantibody|autoantibodies]] | ||
* Activated lymphocytes in the islets, peripancreatic lymph nodes, and systemic circulation | * Activated [[lymphocyte|lymphocytes]] in the [[Islets of Langerhans|islets]], peripancreatic [[lymph node|lymph nodes]], and [[systemic circulation]] | ||
* [[T lymphocytes]] that proliferate when stimulated with islet proteins | * [[T lymphocytes]] that proliferate when stimulated with islet proteins | ||
* Release of [[cytokines]] within the insulitis | * Release of [[cytokines]] within the insulitis |
Revision as of 16:36, 1 September 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vishal Devarkonda, M.B.B.S[2]
Overview
There are no established causes for type 1 diabetes mellitus. Studies have found that cause of type 1 diabetes mellitus is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors.
Causes
- The exact cause of type 1 DM remains unknown. Studies have found that cause of Type 1 DM is the result of interactions of genetic, environmental, and immunologic factors:[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Type 1 Diabetes causes | |
---|---|
Genes associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus | Candidate genes assoicated with type 1 diabetes mellitus are:
PTPN22, IL10, AFF3, IFIH1, STAT4, CTLA4, CCR5, IL21, IL2, IL7R, BACH2, TNFAIP3, TAGAP, IKZF1, GLIS3, IL2RA, PRKCQ, NRP1, INS, BAD, CD69, ITGB7, ERBB3, CYP27B1, SH2B3, GPR183, DLK1, RASGRP1, CTSH, CLEC16A, IL27, ORMDL3, PTPN2, CD226, TYK2, FUT2, and UBASK3A |
Envirnomental triggers associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus |
|
Immunologic factors associated with type 1 diabetes mellitus |
|
References
- ↑ Pociot F, Lernmark Å (2016). "Genetic risk factors for type 1 diabetes". Lancet. 387 (10035): 2331–9. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30582-7. PMID 27302272.
- ↑ Safari-Alighiarloo N, Taghizadeh M, Tabatabaei SM, Shahsavari S, Namaki S, Khodakarim S; et al. (2016). "Identification of new key genes for type 1 diabetes through construction and analysis of protein-protein interaction networks based on blood and pancreatic islet transcriptomes". J Diabetes. doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12483. PMID 27625010.
- ↑ Brorsson CA, Pociot F, Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium. Shared genetic basis for type 1 diabetes, islet autoantibodies, and autoantibodies associated with other immune-mediated diseases in families with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38 (suppl 3): S8–13.
- ↑ Ahlqvist E, van Zuydam NR, Groop LC, McCarthy MI. The genetics of diabetic complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 2015; 11: 277–87.
- ↑ Parkes M, Cortes A, van Heel DA, Brown MA. Genetic insights into common pathways and complex relationships among immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Genet 2013; 14: 661–73.
- ↑ Butalia S, Kaplan GG, Khokhar B, Rabi DM (2016). "Environmental Risk Factors and Type 1 Diabetes: Past, Present, and Future". Can J Diabetes. 40 (6): 586–593. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2016.05.002. PMID 27545597.
- ↑ Jaberi-Douraki M, Pietropaolo M, Khadra A (2015). "Continuum model of T-cell avidity: Understanding autoreactive and regulatory T-cell responses in type 1 diabetes". J Theor Biol. 383: 93–105. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.07.032. PMC 4567915. PMID 26271890.
- ↑ Rydén A, Ludvigsson J, Fredrikson M, Faresjö M (2014). "General immune dampening is associated with disturbed metabolism at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes". Pediatr Res. 75 (1–1): 45–50. doi:10.1038/pr.2013.167. PMID 24105410.