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{{Bronchospasm}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.]]; Areej Tariq
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.]]; Areej Tariq



Revision as of 18:02, 25 September 2012

Bronchospasm Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Bronchospasm from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Bronchospasm On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Bronchospasm

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Bronchospasm

CDC on Bronchospasm

Bronchospasm in the news

Blogs on Bronchospasm

Directions to Hospitals Treating Bronchospasm

Risk calculators and risk factors for Bronchospasm

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Prashanth Saddala M.B.B.S.; Areej Tariq

Overview

Bronchospasm is a difficulty in breathing caused by a sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles.

Pathophysiology

Bronchospasm is caused by the release (degranulation) of substances from mast cells or basophils under the influence of anaphylatoxins. The overactivity of the bronchioles' muscle is a result of exposure to a stimulus which under normal circumstances would cause little or no response. The resulting constriction and inflammation causes a narrowing of the airways and an increase in mucus production; this reduces the amount of oxygen that is available to the individual causing breathlessness, coughing and hypoxia.

Inflamed airways and bronchoconstriction in asthma. Airways narrowed as a result of the inflammatory response cause wheezing.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Churg-Strauss syndrome, Anaphylactic shock
Chemical / poisoning 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid, Alanycarb, Aldicarb, Aldoxycarb, Allyxycarb, Amidithion, Aminocarb, Amiton, Anaphylatoxin, Athyl-Gusathion, Azinfosethyl, Azinfos-methyl, Azinophos-methyl, Azinphos, Azinphos-ethyl, Azinphos-methyl, Azinphosmetile, Azothoate, Bendiocarb, Benfuracarb, Benoxafos, Bromophos, Bromophos-ethyl, Snake bite, Bufencarb, Butacarb, Butocarboxim, Butoxcarboxim, Cadusafos, Carbamates, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, Carbophenothion, Carbosulfan, Caterpillar poisoning, Chlorfenvinphos, Chlorine Dioxide, Chloroacetophenone, Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile, Chloropyrifos, Chlorpyrifos methyl, Cloethocarb, CS gas, Cyanthoate, Decarbofuran, Demeton, Demeton-methyl, Demeton-O, Demeton-O-methyl, Demeton-S-methyl, Demeton-S-methylsulphon, Dialifos, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, Dicresyl, Dicrotophos, Dimetan, Dimethoate, Dimetilan, Dioxacarb, Dioxathion, Disulfoton, EMPC, Endothion, Ethiofencarb, Ethion, Ethoate-methyl, Ethoprophos, Ethyl-guthion, Etrimfos, Eucalyptus oil , Fenchlorphos, Fenethacarb, Fenitrothion, Fenobucarb, Fensulfothion, Fenthion, Fonophos, Formothion, Furathiocarb, Gonionemus poisoning, Guthion (ethyl), Heptenophos, Hydrogen sulfide, Hyquincarb, Iodofenphos, Isofenphos, Isoprocarb, Latex allergy, Malathion, Mecarbam, Methacrifos, Methamidophos, Methidathion, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Methylene Diisocyanate, Metiltriazotion, Metolcarb, Mevinphos, Mexacarbate, Monocrotophos, Monosodium glutamate, Nitrilacarb, Nitrogen dioxide, Nitromethane, Omethoate, Organophosphates, Oxamyl, Oxydeprofos, Oxydisulfoton, Parathion, Parathion Methyl, Phenkapton, Phorate, Phosalone, Phosdrin, Phosmet, Phosphamidon, Phoxim, Pirimicarb, Pirimiphos-methyl, Platinum salts, Primiphos methyl, Profenofos, Promacyl, Promecarb, Propoxur, Prothidathion, Prothoate, Pyrimitate, Quinalphos, Quintiofos, Radiocontrast, Scombroid, Smoke inhalation, Sophamide, Sulfotep, Sulfur Trioxide, Tazimcarb, Terbufos, Tetraethyl Pyrophosphate, Tetrodotoxin, Thiocarboxime, Thiodicarb, Thiofanox, Thiometon, Tolclofos methyl, Toluene Diisocyanate, Triazophos, Triazotion, Trifenfos, Trimethacarb, Vamidothion, XMC, Xylylcarb, Analgesic asthma syndrome
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Abciximab, Acetylcysteine, Acetylsalicylic acid, Adenosine, Alemtuzumab, Aspirin, Atenolol, Atracurium, Benzonatate, Beta-blockers, Betahistine, Betaxolol, Bethanechol, Cocaine, Colistin, Cyclizine, Diclofenac, Felbinac, Hydroxyethyl starch, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Ibuprofen, Indometacin, Ketamine, Ketorolac, Labetalol, Nadolol, Nitrazepam, NSAIDs, Penicillin, Pentamidine, Pilocarpine, Propafenone, Propranolol, Rapacuronium, Streptokinase, Timolol, Zanamivir, Decongestants, Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental Byssinosis, Pollen allergy
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic Hypereosinophilic syndrome, Mastocytosis
Iatrogenic Blood transfusion, Bronchial challenge test, Exercise stress testing
Infectious Disease Pfiesteria piscicida , Pneumonia, Schistosomiasis, Pulmonary eosinophilia, Pulmonary strongyloidiasis, Viral illness, Visceral larva migrans, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Bronchiolitis, LRTI, URTI, Giardiasis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Carcinoid tumour
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Abciximab, Acetylcysteine, Acetylsalicylic acid, Adenosine, Alemtuzumab, Aspirin, Atenolol, Atracurium, Benzonatate, Beta-blockers, Betahistine, Betaxolol, Bethanechol, Cocaine, Colistin, Cyclizine, Diclofenac, Felbinac, Hydroxyethyl starch, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Ibuprofen, Indometacin, Ketamine, Ketorolac, Labetalol, Nadolol, Nitrazepam, NSAIDs, Penicillin, Pentamidine, Pilocarpine, Propafenone, Propranolol, Rapacuronium, Streptokinase, Timolol, Zanamivir, Decongestants, Oxymetazoline, Phenylephrine
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary Shaver's disease, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, Asthma, Bronchiolitis, Bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Emphysema, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Analgesic asthma syndrome, Pneumonia, Pulmonary strongyloidiasis, Aspiration, Byssinosis, COPD, LRTI, URTI
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Anaphylaxis, Food allergy, Peanut allergy, Pollen allergy, Latex allergy, Anaphylactic shock
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Anaphylaxis, Anaphylactic shock, Aspiration, Exercise induced bronchospasm, Food allergy, Clove cigarette smoking, Near-drowning, Peanut allergies, Carcinoid syndrome, Snake bite, Latex allergy, Pollen allergy, Cocaine

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Treatment

Pharmacotherapy

Beta 2 agonists

Beta 2 adrenergic agonists are recommended for bronchospasm.

Muscarinic Acetylcholine receptor antagonist

Since the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine, is known to decrease sympathetic response by slowing the heart rate and constricting the smooth muscle tissue; ongoing research and successful clinical trials have shown that agents such as diphenhydramine, atropine and Ipratropium bromide is known to be effective for treating asthma and COPD-related symptoms.

References

  1. Marsh, Alex; Gordon, David; Heslop, Pauline; Pantazis, Christina (2000). "Housing Deprivation and Health: A Longitudinal Analysis". Housing Studies. 15 (3): 411. doi:10.1080/02673030050009258.


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