Apnea causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

1q21.1 deletion
Aberrant subclavian artery abnormality
Achondroplasia^[1]
Acromegaly
Adenoid hypertrophy
Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
Adult respiratory distress syndrome
Aging^[2]
Alcohol
Ammonium chloride
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
An acutely angled skull base
Anemia of prematurity^[3]
Angina tonsillaris
Apert syndrome
Apnea of prematurity^[4]
Arnold-Chiari malformation^[5]
Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Arrhythmias^[6]
Asthma^[7]^[8]
Ataxic respiration
Atrial fibrillation^[9]
Auriculo-condylar syndrome
Barium
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome
Benign familial infantile convulsion
Benzodiazepines
Biot's respiration
Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome
Botulism^[10]
Brain abscess
Brain stem dysfunction
Brain stem injury
Brain tumor
Breastfeeding
Bronchial rupture
Bronchiolitis
Bronchospasm
Brun's syndrome
Bupivacaine
Camphor
Campomelic syndrome
Cardiac arrest
Central nervous system depressants
Central sleep apnea
Cerebral hemorrhage^[11]
Cerebral infarction^[11]
Cerebral palsy
Cheyne-Stokes respiration^[12]
Chloral hydrate
Chlordiazepoxide
Choanal stenosis
Chondrodystrophy
Chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID)
Chronic bronchitis
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
CNS depression due to drug effect
CNS depression due to postictal state
CNS depression due to sepsis
CNS depression due to respiratory syncytial virus
Collapse of aryepiglottic folds
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome
Crouzon syndrome
Cyanide
Cyanotic congenital heart disease
Delayed sleep phase syndrome
Deviated septum
Diabetic autonomic neuropathy
Diazepam
Diffuse pneumonia
Diphtheria
Disopyramide toxicity
Down syndrome
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Edema of epiglottis
Elongated and/or thickened palate and uvula
Empty nose syndrome
Encephalitis
End stage renal disease
Eucalyptus oil poisoning
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Fatigue
Flail chest
Floppy eyelid syndrome
Foreign body aspiration
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Gaucher's disease
Gaucher's disease
General anesthetics
Genetics
Glycine encephalopathy
Guillain-Barré syndrome^[13]
Hallermann-Streiff syndrome
Head and neck burns
Head trauma
Heart failure^[6]^[14]^[12]
Hemothorax
Hunter syndrome
Hurler syndrome
Hypercapnia
Hyperglycinemia
Hyperpituitarism
Hypertonia
Hypothyroidism
Hypotonia
Hypoventilation
Increased intracranial pressure

Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Iron deficiency anemia
Joubert syndrome
Klippel-Feil syndrome
Laryngomalacia
late-onset spinal muscular atrophy
Leukomalacia
Levobupivacaine
Lidocaine
Lingual cyst
Lingual tonsillar hypertrophy
Lipoma of the neck
Lymphoma of tonsils
Macroglossia
Mandibular hypoplasia
Marfan syndrome^[15]
Maternal beta-blocker use (transfer across placenta)
Maternal narcotic use (transfer across placenta)
Meconium aspiration syndrome
Medullary hemorrhage
Medullary infarction
Meningitis
Meningoencephalitis
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Micrognathia
Midfacial hypoplasia
Morphine
Mucopolysaccharidoses
Mucus plug
Myasthenia gravis
Myocardial infarction
Myotonic dystrophy
Myotubular myopathy
Narcotic analgesics
Narrow maxillary arch
Nasal congestion
Nasoseptal obstruction
Near drowning
Neonatal anemia
Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy
Obesity
Open chest wounds
Organic acidemia
Oropharyngeal papillomatosis
Osteopetrosis
Oxymorphone^[16]
Pancuronium^[17]
Parenchymal lung disease
Pepper spray
Periodic limb movement disorder
Pertussis
Phrenic nerve paralysis
Pickwickian syndrome
Pierre Robin sequence
Pneumothorax
Polycystic ovary syndrome
Polyposis
Pontine hemorrhage
Post-traumatic stress disorder^[18]
Prader-Willi syndrome
Prenatal asphyxia
Propofol^[17]
Pulmonary atresia
Pulmonary edema
Pulmonary embolism
Pulmonary fibrosis
Pulmonary hypertension
Pyrimidifen
REM sleep
Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory muscle failure due to infantile botulism
Respiratory muscle failure due to myotonia
Respiratory syncytial viral infection
Restless legs syndrome
Rett syndrome
Rhinitis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
Ropivacaine^[19]
Secondary hypertension
Seizures
Septal dislocation
Septal hematoma
Septicemia
SADDAN
Shock
Sickle cell disease
Sleep deprivation
Smoking
Sodium thiopental
Spinal cord injury
Strychnine
Sudden infant death syndrome
Testosterone deficiency
Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide
Tonic-clonic seizure
Toxidrome^[20]
Tracheal rupture
Transtentorial herniation
Trazodone^[21]
Treacher Collins syndrome
Trisomy 13
Turbinate hypertrophy
Upper airway obstruction
Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS)^[22]
Use of sedatives (sleeping pills)
Vocal cord paralysis
Werdnig-Hoffman disease

References

↑ Julliand S, Boulé M, Baujat G; et al. (2012). "Lung function, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children with achondroplasia". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 158A (8): 1987–93. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35441. PMID 22711495. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Gałecki P, Florkowski A, Zboralski K, Pietras T, Szemraj J, Talarowska M (2011). "[Psychiatric and psychological complications in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]". Pneumonol Alergol Pol (in Polish). 79 (1): 26–31. PMID 21190150.
↑ Zagol K, Lake DE, Vergales B; et al. (2012). "Anemia, apnea of prematurity, and blood transfusions". J. Pediatr. 161 (3): 417–421.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.044. PMID 22494873. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Zhao J, Gonzalez F, Mu D (2011). "Apnea of prematurity: from cause to treatment". Eur. J. Pediatr. 170 (9): 1097–105. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1409-6. PMC 3158333. PMID 21301866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Campisi R, Ciancio N, Bivona L, Folisi C, Maria G (2013). "Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation with Bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and sleep disordered breathing: a case report". Multidiscip Respir Med. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-8-15. PMID 23433005. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Vitulano N, Di Marco Berardino A, Re A; et al. (2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease: the biomarkers point of view". Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 5: 588–99. PMID 23277071.
↑ Shi J, Lv J, Wu H (2012). "[Th1/Th2 cytokines and its clinical significance in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome children without allergic rhinitis and asthma]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 26 (23): 1073–6. PMID 23451475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Sundar KM, Daly SE, Pearce MJ, Alward WT (2010). "Chronic cough and obstructive sleep apnea in a community-based pulmonary practice". Cough. 6 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1745-9974-6-2. PMC 2861010. PMID 20398333.
↑ Mansukhani MP, Calvin AD, Kolla BP; et al. (2013). "The association between atrial fibrillation and stroke in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A population-based case-control study". Sleep Med. 14 (3): 243–6. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.021. PMID 23340087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ McMahon M (1994). "Apnea in infantile botulism". J. Pediatr. 124 (1): 161. PMID 8283369. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 Hoogstraate SR, Lequin MH, Huysman MA, Ahmed S, Govaert PP (2009). "Apnoea in relation to neonatal temporal lobe haemorrhage". Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 13 (4): 356–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.07.005. PMID 18757218. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 Oldenburg O (2012). "Cheyne-stokes respiration in chronic heart failure. Treatment with adaptive servoventilation therapy". Circ. J. 76 (10): 2305–17. PMID 22972365.
↑ Huntsman RJ, Sinclair DB, Bhargava R, Chan A (2005). "Atypical presentations of leigh syndrome: a case series and review". Pediatr. Neurol. 32 (5): 334–40. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.12.009. PMID 15866434. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Kasai T, Motwani SS, Yumino D; et al. (2013). "Contrasting Effects of Lower Body Positive Pressure on Upper Airways Resistance and Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Men With Heart Failure and Obstructive or Central Sleep Apnea". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.055. PMID 23375931. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Rybczynski M, Koschyk D, Karmeier A; et al. (2010). "Frequency of sleep apnea in adults with the Marfan syndrome". Am. J. Cardiol. 105 (12): 1836–41. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.369. PMID 20538140. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Copland VS, Haskins SC, Patz JD (1987). "Oxymorphone: cardiovascular, pulmonary, and behavioral effects in dogs". Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 (11): 1626–30. PMID 2449102. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Maciel RT, Fernandes FC, Pereira Ldos S (2008). "Anesthesia in a patient with multiple endocrine abnormalities. Case report". Rev Bras Anestesiol. 58 (2): 172–8. PMID 19378536.
↑ Arnetz BB, Templin T, Saudi W, Jamil H (2012). "Obstructive sleep apnea, posttraumatic stress disorder, and health in immigrants". Psychosom Med. 74 (8): 824–31. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826bf1ec. PMID 23023679. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Galante D (2005). "Preoperative apnea in a preterm infant after caudal block with ropivacaine and clonidine". Paediatr Anaesth. 15 (8): 708–9. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01683.x. PMID 16029411. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Nice A, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Madsen-Konczyk LJ, Zell M, Hryhorczuk DO (1988). "Toxidrome recognition to improve efficiency of emergency urine drug screens". Ann Emerg Med. 17 (7): 676–80. PMID 3382068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Heinzer RC, White DP, Jordan AS; et al. (2008). "Trazodone increases arousal threshold in obstructive sleep apnoea". Eur. Respir. J. 31 (6): 1308–12. doi:10.1183/09031936.00067607. PMC 2732198. PMID 18256066. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Gold AR, Broderick JE, Gold MS, Amin MM (2013). "A comparison of inspiratory airflow dynamics during sleep between upper airway resistance syndrome patients and healthy controls". Sleep Breath. doi:10.1007/s11325-013-0817-4. PMID 23407917. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid22711495-1] Julliand S, Boulé M, Baujat G; et al. (2012). "Lung function, diagnosis, and treatment of sleep-disordered breathing in children with achondroplasia". Am. J. Med. Genet. A. 158A (8): 1987–93. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.35441. PMID 22711495. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21190150-2] Gałecki P, Florkowski A, Zboralski K, Pietras T, Szemraj J, Talarowska M (2011). "[Psychiatric and psychological complications in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome]". Pneumonol Alergol Pol (in Polish). 79 (1): 26–31. PMID 21190150.

[pmid22494873-3] Zagol K, Lake DE, Vergales B; et al. (2012). "Anemia, apnea of prematurity, and blood transfusions". J. Pediatr. 161 (3): 417–421.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2012.02.044. PMID 22494873. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid21301866-4] Zhao J, Gonzalez F, Mu D (2011). "Apnea of prematurity: from cause to treatment". Eur. J. Pediatr. 170 (9): 1097–105. doi:10.1007/s00431-011-1409-6. PMC 3158333. PMID 21301866. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23433005-5] Campisi R, Ciancio N, Bivona L, Folisi C, Maria G (2013). "Type I Arnold-Chiari Malformation with Bronchiectasis, respiratory failure, and sleep disordered breathing: a case report". Multidiscip Respir Med. 8 (1): 15. doi:10.1186/2049-6958-8-15. PMID 23433005. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23277071-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Vitulano N, Di Marco Berardino A, Re A; et al. (2013). "Obstructive sleep apnea and heart disease: the biomarkers point of view". Front Biosci (Schol Ed). 5: 588–99. PMID 23277071.

[pmid23451475-7] Shi J, Lv J, Wu H (2012). "[Th1/Th2 cytokines and its clinical significance in obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome children without allergic rhinitis and asthma]". Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi (in Chinese). 26 (23): 1073–6. PMID 23451475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20398333-8] Sundar KM, Daly SE, Pearce MJ, Alward WT (2010). "Chronic cough and obstructive sleep apnea in a community-based pulmonary practice". Cough. 6 (1): 2. doi:10.1186/1745-9974-6-2. PMC 2861010. PMID 20398333.

[pmid23340087-9] Mansukhani MP, Calvin AD, Kolla BP; et al. (2013). "The association between atrial fibrillation and stroke in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: A population-based case-control study". Sleep Med. 14 (3): 243–6. doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.021. PMID 23340087. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid8283369-10] McMahon M (1994). "Apnea in infantile botulism". J. Pediatr. 124 (1): 161. PMID 8283369. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid18757218-11] 11.0 ^11.1 Hoogstraate SR, Lequin MH, Huysman MA, Ahmed S, Govaert PP (2009). "Apnoea in relation to neonatal temporal lobe haemorrhage". Eur. J. Paediatr. Neurol. 13 (4): 356–61. doi:10.1016/j.ejpn.2008.07.005. PMID 18757218. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid22972365-12] 12.0 ^12.1 Oldenburg O (2012). "Cheyne-stokes respiration in chronic heart failure. Treatment with adaptive servoventilation therapy". Circ. J. 76 (10): 2305–17. PMID 22972365.

[pmid15866434-13] Huntsman RJ, Sinclair DB, Bhargava R, Chan A (2005). "Atypical presentations of leigh syndrome: a case series and review". Pediatr. Neurol. 32 (5): 334–40. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2004.12.009. PMID 15866434. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23375931-14] Kasai T, Motwani SS, Yumino D; et al. (2013). "Contrasting Effects of Lower Body Positive Pressure on Upper Airways Resistance and Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide in Men With Heart Failure and Obstructive or Central Sleep Apnea". J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.055. PMID 23375931. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid20538140-15] Rybczynski M, Koschyk D, Karmeier A; et al. (2010). "Frequency of sleep apnea in adults with the Marfan syndrome". Am. J. Cardiol. 105 (12): 1836–41. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.369. PMID 20538140. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid2449102-16] Copland VS, Haskins SC, Patz JD (1987). "Oxymorphone: cardiovascular, pulmonary, and behavioral effects in dogs". Am. J. Vet. Res. 48 (11): 1626–30. PMID 2449102. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid19378536-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Maciel RT, Fernandes FC, Pereira Ldos S (2008). "Anesthesia in a patient with multiple endocrine abnormalities. Case report". Rev Bras Anestesiol. 58 (2): 172–8. PMID 19378536.

[pmid23023679-18] Arnetz BB, Templin T, Saudi W, Jamil H (2012). "Obstructive sleep apnea, posttraumatic stress disorder, and health in immigrants". Psychosom Med. 74 (8): 824–31. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31826bf1ec. PMID 23023679. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid16029411-19] Galante D (2005). "Preoperative apnea in a preterm infant after caudal block with ropivacaine and clonidine". Paediatr Anaesth. 15 (8): 708–9. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9592.2005.01683.x. PMID 16029411. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid3382068-20] Nice A, Leikin JB, Maturen A, Madsen-Konczyk LJ, Zell M, Hryhorczuk DO (1988). "Toxidrome recognition to improve efficiency of emergency urine drug screens". Ann Emerg Med. 17 (7): 676–80. PMID 3382068. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid18256066-21] Heinzer RC, White DP, Jordan AS; et al. (2008). "Trazodone increases arousal threshold in obstructive sleep apnoea". Eur. Respir. J. 31 (6): 1308–12. doi:10.1183/09031936.00067607. PMC 2732198. PMID 18256066. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23407917-22] Gold AR, Broderick JE, Gold MS, Amin MM (2013). "A comparison of inspiratory airflow dynamics during sleep between upper airway resistance syndrome patients and healthy controls". Sleep Breath. doi:10.1007/s11325-013-0817-4. PMID 23407917. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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Apnea causes

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

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