Apnea causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Marcelo R. Zacarkim, M.D. [2]

Causes

Common Causes

• Achondroplasia
• Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
• Apnea of prematurity
• Arnold-Chiari malformation
• Central sleep apnea
• Obesity
• Upper airway obstruction

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	1q21.1 deletion, acromegaly, Arnold-Chiari malformation, arrythmias, atrial fibrillation, cardiac arrest, cyanotic congenital heart disease, end stage renal disease, heart failure, Hurler syndrome, myasthenia gravis, myocardial infarction, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary edema,pulmonary embolism, pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, secondary hypertension, shock, sleep deprivation, toxidrome, Werdnig-Hoffman disease,
Chemical/Poisoning	Ammonium chloride, camphor, chloral hydrate, eucalyptus oil poisoning, pepper spray, strychnine,tetramethylammonium hydroxide, cyanide,
Dental	Crouzon syndrome, mandibular hypoplasia, midfacial hypoplasia, narrow maxillary arch, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, osteopetrosis,
Dermatologic	Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, SADDAN,
Drug Side Effect	Benzodiazepines, bupivacaine, chlordiazepoxide, diazepam, general anesthetics, levobupivacaine, lidocaine, morphine, narcotic analgesics, oxymorphone, pancuronium, propofol, pyrimidifen, ropivacaine, sodium thiopental, trazodone, use of sedatives (sleeping pills)
Ear Nose Throat	Adenoid hypertrophy, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, angina tonsillaris, auriculo-condylar syndrome, campomelic syndrome, choanal stenosis, collapse of aryepiglottic folds, Crouzon syndrome, deviated septum, Down syndrome, edema of epiglottis, elongated and/or thickened palate and uvula, empty nose syndrome, Hunter syndrome, lingual cyst, lingual tonsillar hypertrophy, lymphoma of tonsils, macroglossia, micrognathia, nasoseptal obstruction, oropharyngeal papillomatosis, Pierre Robin sequence, rhinitis, septal dislocation, septal hematoma, tracheal rupture, turbinate hypertrophy,
Endocrine	Hyperpituitarism, hypothyroidism, Joubert syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, testosterone deficiency,
Environmental	Smoking,
Gastroenterologic	Aberrant subclavian artery abnormality, Arnold-Chiari malformation, alcohol, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, Chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID), gastroesophageal reflux disease, Gaucher's disease, Joubert syndrome, polyposis,
Genetic	1q21.1 deletion, Down's syndrome, Genetics, Marfan syndrome, osteopetrosis, trisomy 13,
Hematologic	Iron deficiency anemia, neonatal anemia,
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Botulism, encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, pertussis,
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	An acutely angled skull base, Down syndrome, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, head and neck burns, lipoma of the neck, myotonic dystrophy,
Neurologic	1q21.1 deletion, aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency , benign familial infantile convulsion, brain abscess, brain stem dysfunction, cerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, cerebral palsy, down syndrome, excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue, hypertonia,hypotonia , increased intracranial pressure, late-onset spinal muscular atrophy, myotubular myopathy
Nutritional/Metabolic	Alcohol, body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome, hyperglycinemia , hypoventilation, obesity, organic acidemia,
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	1q21.1 deletion
Ophthalmologic	1q21.1 deletion, Down syndrome, Gaucher's disease
Overdose/Toxicity	Barium, disopyramide toxicity,
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	1q21.1 deletion, aberrant subclavian artery abnormality, achondroplasia, acromegaly, adenoid hypertrophy, adult respiratory distress syndrome, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anemia of prematurity, Apert syndrome, apnea of prematurity, asthma, ataxic respiration, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, biot's respiration, brain stem injury, brain tumor, bronchial rupture, bronchiolitis,bronchospasm, brun's syndrome, central sleep apnea, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, chondrodystrophy, chronic bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, cyanotic congenital heart disease, delayed sleep phase syndrome, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, diffuse pneumonia, flail chest, floppy eyelid syndrome, foreign body aspiration, Gaucher's disease, glycine encephalopathy, Guillain-Barré syndrome, Hallermann-Streiff syndrome, head trauma, hemothorax, hunter syndrome, hurler syndrome, hypercapnia, infant respiratory distress syndrome, Joubert syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome, laryngomalacia, leukomalacia, Marfan syndrome, meconium aspiration syndrome, medullary hemorrhage, medullary infarction, mucus plug, nasal congestion, nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, open chest wounds, oropharyngeal papillomatosis, [[osteopetrosis],parenchymal lung disease, periodic limb movement disorder, Pickwickian syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence, pneumothorax, polycystic ovary syndrome, polyposis, pontine hemorrhage, post-traumatic stress disorder, Prader-Willi syndrome, prenatal asphyxia, pulmonary atresia, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, REM sleep, respiratory acidosis, respiratory syncytial viral infection, restless legs syndrome, Rett syndrome, rhinitis, right ventricular hypertrophy, SADDAN, secondary hypertension, seizures, septal dislocation, septal hematoma, septicemia, shock, sickle cell disease, sleep deprivation, smoking, spinal cord injury, sudden infant death syndrome, toxidrome, tracheal rupture, transtentorial herniation, Treacher Collins syndrome, trisomy 13, turbinate hypertrophy, upper airway obstruction, upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS), vocal cord paralysis, Werdnig-Hoffman disease,
Renal/Electrolyte	1q21.1 deletion, Joubert syndrome
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	Down syndrome, Klippel-Feil syndrome
Trauma	Head trauma, near drowning, septal dislocation, septal hematoma, tracheal rupture,
Urologic	Diabetic autonomic neuropathy, Klippel-Feil syndrome, trisomy 13
Miscellaneous	Aging, breastfeeding, fatigue, maternal beta blocker use, near drowning, smoking,

Causes in Alphabetical Order

1q21.1 deletion Aberrant subclavian artery abnormality Achondroplasia Acromegaly Adenoid hypertrophy Adenotonsillar hypertrophy Adult respiratory distress syndrome Aging Alcohol Ammonium chloride Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis An acutely angled skull base Anemia of prematurity Angina tonsillaris Apert syndrome Apnea of prematurity Arnold-Chiari malformation Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency Arrhythmias Asthma Ataxic respiration Atrial fibrillation Auriculo-condylar syndrome Barium Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome Benign familial infantile convulsion Benzodiazepines Biot's respiration Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome Botulism Brain abscess Brain stem dysfunction Brain stem injury Brain tumor Breastfeeding Bronchial rupture Bronchiolitis Bronchospasm Brun's syndrome Bupivacaine Camphor Campomelic syndrome Cardiac arrest Central sleep apnea Cerebral hemorrhage Cerebral infarction Cerebral palsy Cheyne-Stokes respiration Chloral hydrate Chlordiazepoxide Choanal stenosis Chondrodystrophy Chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID) Chronic bronchitis Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Collapse of aryepiglottic folds Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome Crouzon syndrome Cyanide Cyanotic congenital heart disease Delayed sleep phase syndrome Deviated septum Diabetic autonomic neuropathy Diazepam Diffuse pneumonia Disopyramide toxicity Down syndrome Duchenne muscular dystrophy Edema of epiglottis Elongated and/or thickened palate and uvula Empty nose syndrome Encephalitis End stage renal disease Eucalyptus oil poisoning Excessive daytime sleepiness Fatigue Flail chest Floppy eyelid syndrome Foreign body aspiration Gastroesophageal reflux disease Gaucher's disease Gaucher's disease General anesthetics Genetics Glycine encephalopathy Guillain-Barré syndrome Hallermann-Streiff syndrome Head and neck burns Head trauma Heart failure Hemothorax Hunter syndrome Hurler syndrome Hypercapnia Hyperglycinemia Hyperpituitarism Hypertonia Hypothyroidism Hypotonia Hypoventilation Increased intracranial pressure

Infant respiratory distress syndrome Iron deficiency anemia Joubert syndrome Klippel-Feil syndrome Laryngomalacia late-onset spinal muscular atrophy Leukomalacia Levobupivacaine Lidocaine Lingual cyst Lingual tonsillar hypertrophy Lipoma of the neck Lymphoma of tonsils Macroglossia Mandibular hypoplasia Marfan syndrome Maternal beta-blocker use (transfer across placenta) Meconium aspiration syndrome Medullary hemorrhage Medullary infarction Meningitis Meningoencephalitis Micrognathia Midfacial hypoplasia Morphine Mucus plug Myasthenia gravis Myocardial infarction Myotonic dystrophy Myotubular myopathy Narcotic analgesics Narrow maxillary arch Nasal congestion Nasoseptal obstruction Near drowning Neonatal anemia Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy Obesity Open chest wounds Organic acidemia Oropharyngeal papillomatosis Osteopetrosis Oxymorphone Pancuronium Parenchymal lung disease Pepper spray Periodic limb movement disorder Pertussis Phrenic nerve paralysis Pickwickian syndrome Pierre Robin sequence Pneumothorax Polycystic ovary syndrome Polyposis Pontine hemorrhage Post-traumatic stress disorder Prader-Willi syndrome Prenatal asphyxia Propofol Pulmonary atresia Pulmonary edema Pulmonary embolism Pulmonary fibrosis Pulmonary hypertension Pyrimidifen REM sleep Respiratory acidosis Respiratory syncytial viral infection Restless legs syndrome Rett syndrome Rhinitis Right ventricular hypertrophy Ropivacaine Secondary hypertension Seizures Septal dislocation Septal hematoma Septicemia SADDAN Shock Sickle cell disease Sleep deprivation Smoking Sodium thiopental Spinal cord injury Strychnine Sudden infant death syndrome Testosterone deficiency Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide Toxidrome Tracheal rupture Transtentorial herniation Trazodone Treacher Collins syndrome Trisomy 13 Turbinate hypertrophy Upper airway obstruction Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) Use of sedatives (sleeping pills) Vocal cord paralysis Werdnig-Hoffman disease