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==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of amnesia include medications, [[head trauma]], [[depression]] and aging.
Common causes of amnesia include [[medications]], [[head trauma]], [[depression]] and [[aging]]. Less common cause of amnesia are childhood [[sexual]] [[abuse]], traumatic incident, [[psychological]] [[trauma]], [[hypoxia]], [[thiamine]] [[deficiency]], [[alcohol]] [[abuse]], [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Pick's disease]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[benzodiazepines]], [[hypoglycemia]], [[stroke]], [[electroconvulsive therapy]].
 
==Causes==
==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
*[[Side effects]] of medication: Many drugs can cause cognitive problems and memory loss as a side effect. Common drugs that affect memory and brain function include sleeping pills, antihistamines, blood pressure and arthritis medication, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medications, and painkillers.
*Common causes of amnesia include [[medications]], [[head trauma]], [[depression]] and [[aging]].<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898  }} </ref>
*[[Depression]]: Depression mimics the signs of memory loss. It is a common problem in older adults—especially if one is less social and active than they used to be or if one has recently experienced a number of major life changes (retirement, a serious medical diagnosis, the loss of a loved one, moving away from home).
*[[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]]: Vitamin B12 protects neurons and is vital to healthy brain functioning. A lack of B12 can cause permanent damage to the brain.
*[[Trauma]]: This is the most common cause of preventable memory loss.
 
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cardiac arrest]], [[Heart bypass surgery]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aluminium poisoning]], [[Barbiturate abuse]], [[Bromoform]], [[Cannabis]], [[Hobo spider poisoning]], [[Mercury poisoning ]], [[Stachybotrys chartarum]], [[Toluene]], [[Neurotoxicity syndromes]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anagrelide]], [[Anisotropine Methylbromide]],[[Aripiprazole]], [[Atenolol]], [[Atorvastatin]], [[Benztropine]], [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]], [[Chemotherapy]], [[Cidofovir]], [[Diazepam]], [[Dicyclomine]], [[Flecainide]], [[Fluvastatin]], [[Lamotrigine]], [[Levetiracetam]], [[Lovastatin]], [[Mepenzolate]]
[[Methocarbamol]], [[Metoprolol]], [[Midazolam]] <ref name="pmid9447768">{{cite journal |author=Nadin G, Coulthard P |title=Memory and midazolam conscious sedation |journal=Br Dent J |volume=183 |issue=11-12 |pages=399–407 |year=1997 |pmid=9447768 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, [[Modafinil]], [[Nefazodone]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pergolide]], [[Phenelzine]], [[Pindolol]],[[Pramipexole]], [[Pravastatin]], [[Propranolol]], [[Rifaximin]], [[Ropinirole]], [[Rosuvastatin]], [[Secobarbital sodium]], [[Selegiline]], [[Sertraline]], [[Scopolamine]], [[Simvastatin]], [[Suvorexant]], [[Temozolomide]], [[Thalidomide]], [[Trazodone]], [[Valium]], [[Zaleplon]], [[Zolmitriptan]], [[Zolpidem]],
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Hypothyroidism]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anoxia]], [[Frostbite]], [[Heat stroke]], [[Hypoxia]]


|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Citrullinemia ]]<ref> http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/citrullinemia </ref>, [[Down Syndrome]], [[Graeck-Imerslund disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone marrow transplant]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bilateral temporal lobectomy]], [[Brain radiation]], [[Electroconvulsive therapy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[AIDS Dementia Complex]], [[Cryptococcal Meningitis]], [[Encephalitis]]
, [[Herpes simplex encephalitis]], [[HIV]], [[Human T-lymphotropic virus]], [[Lyme disease]], [[Neurosyphillis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achromatopsia ]]<ref name="pmid8341415">{{cite journal |author=Ogden JA |title=Visual object agnosia, prosopagnosia, achromatopsia, loss of visual imagery, and autobiographical amnesia following recovery from cortical blindness: case M.H |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=571–89 |year=1993 |month=June |pmid=8341415 |doi= |url=}}</ref>, [[Alzheimer's disease]], [[Corticobasal Degeneration]], [[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]], [[Encephalitis]], [[Frontotemporal dementia]], [[Hydrocephalus]], [[Huntington's disease]], [[Intractible epilepsy]], [[Myelinopathies]], [[Multiple sclerosis]], [[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]], [[Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy]], [[Parkinson's disease]], [[Pick's disease of the brain]], [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], [[Right parietal lobe syndrome]], [[Space occupying lesion]], [[Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis]], [[Transient global amnesia]], [[Vertebrobasilar disease]], [[Multi infarct dementia]], [[Human T-lymphotropic virus]], [[Neurosyphillis]], [[Hypothalamus tumor]], [[Tumors of the third ventricle]], [[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]], [[Sneddon Syndrome]],  [[Arteriovenous Malformation]], [[Cerebrovascular accident]], [[Multi infarct dementia]], [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]], [[Transient ischemic attack]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vitamin B12 deficiecny]], [[Dementia]], [[Depression]], [[Hyperthermia]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Hypoxia]], [[Malabsorption]], [[Megaloblastic Anemia ]], [[Nutritional deficiency]], [[Pellagra]], [[Thiamine deficiency]], [[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Menopause ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain cancer]], [[Hypothalamus tumor]], [[Malignant astrocytoma]], [[Malignant germ cell tumor]], [[Tumors of the third ventricle]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Achromatopsia ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amnestic disorder]],  [[Bipolar disease]],  [[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]], [[Conversion disorder]], [[Fugue states]], [[Schizophrenia]]|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypoxia]]


|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome]], [[Hypercalcemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Behcet's Disease]], [[Neurosarcoidosis]], [[Sneddon Syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Brain concussion]], [[Head injury]], [[Whiplash]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcoholism]], [[Malingering]], [[Stress]]
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{Family tree/start}}
{{columns-list|3|
{{Family tree | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01= Amnesia}}
*[[Achromatopsia ]]
{{Family tree | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | }}
*[[AIDS Dementia Complex]]
{{Family tree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | }}
*[[Alcoholism]]
{{Family tree | | | | | | B01 | | B02 | | B03 | | B04 | | B05 | | | | | | |B01=[[Neurological]]|B02=[[Trauma]]|B03=[[Psychological]]|B04=[[Drug]] Induced|B05=[[Nutrition]] [[deficiency]]}}
*[[Aluminium poisoning]]
{{Family tree | | | | | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | }}
*[[Alzheimer's disease]]
{{Family tree | | | | | | C01 | | C02 | | C03 | | C04 | | C05 | | | | | | | |C01=•[[Alzheimer's disease|Alzheimer's Disease]]<br>•[[Parkinson's disease|Parkinson's Disease]]<br>•[[Dementia with Lewy bodies]]<br>•[[Frontotemporal lobar degeneration]]<br>•[[Stroke]]|C02=•[[Vascular dementia]]<br>•[[Radiation]]<ref name="pmid30565571">{{cite journal| author=Cascella M, Di Napoli R, Carbone D, Cuomo GF, Bimonte S, Muzio MR| title=Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: mechanisms, clinical features and research perspectives. | journal=Recenti Prog Med | year= 2018 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 523-530 | pmid=30565571 | doi=10.1701/3031.30289 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30565571  }} </ref>|C03=•[[Depression]]<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898  }} </ref><br>•[[Anxiety]]<br>•Childhood [[sexual abuse]]|C04=•[[Marijuana abuse]]<br>•[[Benzodiazepine]]<ref> Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print</ref><br>•[[Chemotherapy]]<ref name="pmid30565571">{{cite journal| author=Cascella M, Di Napoli R, Carbone D, Cuomo GF, Bimonte S, Muzio MR| title=Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: mechanisms, clinical features and research perspectives. | journal=Recenti Prog Med | year= 2018 | volume= 109 | issue= 11 | pages= 523-530 | pmid=30565571 | doi=10.1701/3031.30289 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30565571  }} </ref><br>•[[Electroconvulsive therapy]]<ref>Benbow, SM (2004) "Adverse effects of ECT". In AIF Scott (ed.) The ECT Handbook, second edition. London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 170–174.</ref>|C05=•[[Thiamine deficiency]]<br>•[[Vitamin B12 deficiency]]<br>•[[Hypoxia]]<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898  }} </ref><br>•[[Hypoglycemia]]<ref name="pmid2154898">{{cite journal| author=Erickson KR| title=Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction. | journal=West J Med | year= 1990 | volume= 152 | issue= 2 | pages= 159-66 | pmid=2154898 | doi= | pmc=1002292 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2154898  }} </ref>}}
*[[Amnestic disorder]]
{{Family tree/end}}
*[[Anagrelide]]
*[[Anisotropine Methylbromide]]
*[[Anoxia]]
*[[Aripiprazole]]
*[[Arteriovenous Malformation]]
*[[Atenolol]]
*[[Atorvastatin]]
*[[Barbiturate abuse]]
*[[Behcet's Disease]]
*[[Benztropine]]
*[[Bilateral temporal lobectomy]]
*[[Bipolar disease]]
*[[Bone marrow transplant]]
*[[Brain cancer]]
*[[Brain concussion]]
*[[Brain radiation]]
*[[Bromoform]]
*[[Cannabis]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Cardiac arrest]]
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
*[[Chemotherapy]]
*[[Chronic Fatigue Syndrome]]
*[[Cidofovir]]
*[[Citrullinemia  ]]
*[[Conversion disorder]]
*[[Corticobasal Degeneration]]
*[[Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease]]
*[[Cryptococcal Meningitis]]
*[[Dementia]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Dialysis encephalopathy syndrome]]
*[[Diazepam]]
*[[Dicyclomine]]
*[[Down Syndrome]]
*[[Electroconvulsive therapy]]
*[[Encephalitis]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Flecainide]]
*[[Fluvastatin]]
*[[Frontotemporal dementia]]
*[[Frostbite]]
*[[Fugue states]]
*[[Graeck-Imerslund disease]]
*[[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
*[[Head injury]]
*[[Heart bypass surgery]]
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Herpes simplex encephalitis]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Hobo spider poisoning]]
*[[Human T-lymphotropic virus]]
*[[Huntington's disease]]
*[[Hydrocephalus]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Hyperthermia]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypothalamus tumor]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Intractible epilepsy]]
*[[Lamotrigine]]
*[[Levetiracetam]]
*[[Lovastatin]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Malabsorption]]
*[[Malignant astrocytoma]]
*[[Malignant germ cell tumor]]
*[[Malingering]]
*[[Megaloblastic Anemia ]]
*[[Menopause ]]
*[[Mercury poisoning ]]
*[[Metoprolol]]
*[[Midazolam]]
*[[Modafinil]]
*[[Multi infarct dementia]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Myelinopathies]]
*[[Nefazodone]]
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Neurosarcoidosis]]
*[[Neurosyphillis]]
*[[Neurotoxicity syndromes]]
*[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
*[[Nutritional deficiency]]
*[[Olivopontocerebellar Atrophy]]
*[[Oxcarbazepine]]
*[[Parkinson's disease]]
*[[Pellagra]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Phenelzine]]
*[[Pick's disease of the brain]]
*[[Pindolol]]
*[[Pramipexole]]
*[[Pravastatin]]
*[[Progressive supranuclear palsy]]
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[Right parietal lobe syndrome]]
*[[Ropinirole]]
*[[Rosuvastatin]]
*[[Schizophrenia]]
*[[Scopolamine]]
*[[Selegiline]]
*[[Simvastatin]]
*[[Sneddon Syndrome]]
*[[Space occupying lesion]]
*[[Stachybotrys chartarum]]
*[[Stress]]
*[[Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis]]
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
*[[Temozolomide]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]]
*[[Toluene]]
*[[Transient global amnesia]]
*[[Transient ischemic attack]]
*[[Trazodone]]
*[[Tumors of the third ventricle]]
*[[Valium]]
*[[Vertebrobasilar disease]]
*[[Vitamin B12 deficiecny]]
*[[Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome]]
*[[Whiplash]]
*[[Zaleplon]]
*[[Zolpidem]]
}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 16:09, 24 March 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Zehra Malik, M.B.B.S[2]

Overview

Common causes of amnesia include medications, head trauma, depression and aging. Less common cause of amnesia are childhood sexual abuse, traumatic incident, psychological trauma, hypoxia, thiamine deficiency, alcohol abuse, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, Parkinson's disease, benzodiazepines, hypoglycemia, stroke, electroconvulsive therapy.

Causes

Common Causes


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Amnesia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Neurological
 
Trauma
 
Psychological
 
Drug Induced
 
Nutrition deficiency
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Alzheimer's Disease
Parkinson's Disease
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Stroke
 
Vascular dementia
Radiation[2]
 
Depression[1]
Anxiety
•Childhood sexual abuse
 
Marijuana abuse
Benzodiazepine[3]
Chemotherapy[2]
Electroconvulsive therapy[4]
 
Thiamine deficiency
Vitamin B12 deficiency
Hypoxia[1]
Hypoglycemia[1]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Erickson KR (1990). "Amnestic disorders. Pathophysiology and patterns of memory dysfunction". West J Med. 152 (2): 159–66. PMC 1002292. PMID 2154898.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Cascella M, Di Napoli R, Carbone D, Cuomo GF, Bimonte S, Muzio MR (2018). "Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment: mechanisms, clinical features and research perspectives". Recenti Prog Med. 109 (11): 523–530. doi:10.1701/3031.30289. PMID 30565571.
  3. Sadock, Benjamin J., and Virginia A. Sadock. Kaplan & Sadock's concise textbook of clinical psychiatry. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2008. Print
  4. Benbow, SM (2004) "Adverse effects of ECT". In AIF Scott (ed.) The ECT Handbook, second edition. London: The Royal College of Psychiatrists, pp. 170–174.

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