Dyspnea and Chest pain

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [2]


Abbreviations: ABG (arterial blood gas); ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme); BMI (body mass index); CBC (complete blood count); CSF (cerebrospinal fluid); CXR (chest X-ray); ECG (electrocardiogram); FEF (forced expiratory flow rate); FEV1 (forced expiratory volume); FVC (forced vital capacity); JVD (jugular vein distention); MCV (mean corpuscular volume); Plt (platelet); RV (residual volume); SIADH (syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone); TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone); Vt (tidal volume); WBC (white blood cell);

Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Acute Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Aspiration[1] - + - - +/- + + - - - Diminished breath sounds Normal Normal Atelectasis Vt, ↑RV Bronchoscopy Choking
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Asthma attack[2] - + - - +/- + + - - - Wheeze Eosinophil Respiratory alkalosis Normal FEV1, PEF Physical exam and

Spirometry

Chest pain
Bronchitis[3] - - - + + + - - - - Rhonchi  WBC Normal Normal Normal Physical exam Rhonchi relieved by cough
Bronchospasm[4] +/- + - - + +/- + - - - Wheeze Normal O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV Physical exam Allergic reaction
Bronchiolitis[5] - - - + +/- + - - - - Wheeze and Crackles WBC Normal Bronchovascular markings Vt Clinical assessment Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
COPD exacerbation[6] - + - + + + + +/- +/- +/- Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles WBC, ↑RBC Respiratory alkalosis Hyperexpansion FEV1/FVC Clinical assessment Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB)
Pneumonia[7] - - - + + + - - - - Wheeze, Rhonchi, and Crackles WBC, neutrophilia Normal Lobar consolidation Normal Chest X-ray and CT Scan productive cough
Pneumothorax[8] - - - - + - - - +/- - Diminished breath sounds Normal O2, ↑CO2 Radiolucency without lung marking Vt CXR and Chest CT scan Tracheal deviation
Pulmonary embolism[9] - - - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory alkalosis Normal Normal Pulmonary CT angiography Pleuritic chest pain
Rib fractures (flail chest)[10] - + - - + - - - - - Normal Normal Respiratory acidosis Fracture marks Normal Chest X-ray Pneumothorax
Cardiovascular system Acute myocardial ischemia[11] +/- + - +/- + - - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Cardiac troponin I Nausea and vomiting, Positive pertinent risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and smoking
Acute heart failure[12] +/- + - - +/- + + - + + S3 Normal Respiratory alkalosis Cardiothoracic ratio Vt B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal proBNP (NT-proBNP) Excessive sweating, high blood pressure
Pericardial tamponade[13] +/- - - - + - - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Water bottle appearance enlarged heart Normal Echocardiography Fluid accumulation in pericardium
Tachyarrhythmia[11] +/- + - - +/- - - - - - High pulse rate Normal Normal Normal Normal ECG Palpitation
Pulmonary edema[14] +/- + - + + + + + + + Basal crackle Normal Respiratory alkalosis Bat wing pattern, air bronchograms Vt, ↑RV Cardiac Catheterization Tachypnea
Toxic/Metabolic Carbon monoxide poisoning[15] + - - - + + + - - - Wheeze Carboxyhemoglobin O2, ↑CO2 Normal N/A Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) level Headache, Dizziness, Weakness, Vomiting, Confusion
Systemic Pregnancy[16] - - - - +/- - - - - + Normal WBC, RBC O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV βhCG Missed period, Hyperemesis
Organ system Diseases Clinical manifestations Diagnosis Other features
Symptoms Physical exam
Loss of consciousness Agitation Weight loss Fever Chest pain Cough Cyanosis Clubbing JVD Peripheral edema Auscultation CBC ABG Imaging Spirometry Gold standard
Chronic Dyspnea Respiratory system Head and Neck,

Upper airway

Tracheal stenosis[17] - - - - +/- +/- + + - - Stridor, Stertorous Normal O2, ↑CO2 Soft tissue thickening internal to normal-appearing tracheal cartilage Normal Bronchoscopy Respiratory distress
Chest and Pleura,

Lower airway

Bronchial asthma[2] - + +/- - +/- + + + - - Wheeze Eosinophil Respiratory alkalosis, Metabolic acidosis Pulmonary hyperinflation,

Bronchial wall thickening

FEV1/FVC Spirometry before and after bronchodilator Paroxysmal respiratory distress
Bronchiectasis[3] - - - + + + + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles WBC, neutrophilia O2, ↑CO2 Tram-track opacities FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Chronic productive cough
Pulmonary hypertension[18] - - - - +/- +/- +/- +/- + + Accentuated S2 Normal Hypoxia and acidosis Enlarged pulmonary arteries Physiologic RV Cardiac catheterization Syncope,

Ascites, Pleural effusion

Interstitial lung disease[19] - - - - + + + + - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles Normal O2, ↑CO2 Peripheral pulmonary infiltrative opacification FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Pneumoconiosis
Sarcoidosis[20] - - +/- - +/- + + - - - Crackles Normal O2, ↑CO2 Hilar adenopathy FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Hypercalcemia, high ACE
Alveolitis[21] - - - + + + - - - - Basal crackle WBC, neutrophilia Normal  Basal reticulonodular opacification   FEV1/FVC High resolution computed tomography (HRCT) Dry cough
Bronchiolitis obliterans[5] - - - + + + + + - - Expiratory wheeze WBC O2, ↑CO2 Hyperinflation, Reticulonodular opacities FEV1/FVC Lung biopsy Complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Pleural effusion[22] - +/- + - + - - - +/- +/- Egophony ("E-to-A" change) Normal Normal Blunting of the costophrenic and cardiophrenic angle Vt, ↑RV Light's criteria Tactile fremitus, Asymmetrical chest expansion
Pulmonary right-to-left shunt[23] - - - - +/- + + + - - Diminished breath sounds Normal O2, ↑CO2, Respiratory acidosis Normal Vt, ↑RV

(physiological)

Pulmonary CT angiography Chronic hypoxemia
Diaphragmatic paralysis[24] - - - +/- +/- +/- - - - - Normal Normal Normal Unilateral or bilateral diaphragmatic flattening Vt, ↑RV

(anatomical)

CXR confirmed by fluoroscopic sniff test Respiratory insufficiency
Tuberculosis[25] - - + + + + +/- - - - Rhonchi, Wheezing, Crackles WBC O2, ↑CO2 Patchy consolidation or poorly defined linear and nodular opacities Restrictive, obstructive, or mixed IFN-γ release assay (IGRA)

Acid-fast staining

Night sweat
Cardiovascular system Constrictive pericarditis[13] - - - - + - - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Calcifications  Normal Chest CT scan Syncope
Restrictive cardiomyopathy[26] - - - - + - - - - +/- Normal Normal Normal Dilatation of the inferior vena cava and right atrium Normal Right ventricular biopsy Weight gain,

Nausea

Valvular heart disease[11] - - - - + - - - - - Cardiac murmur Normal Normal Dilatation of heart chambers Normal Echocardiography Syncope, Palpitation
Pericardial effusion[27] - - - +/- + + - - + - Muffled heart sounds Normal Normal Fluid density around the heart Normal M-mode and 2-dimensional Doppler echocardiography Hoarseness, Palpitation
Coronary heart disease[11] - +/- - - + - - - - - Normal Normal O2 Normal Normal Cardiac troponin I Nausea, Lightheadedness, Sweating
Intracardiac shunt[28] - - - - +/- - + + - - Cardiac continuous murmur Normal O2 Dilatation of heart chambers Normal Echocardiography Syncope, Palpitation
Neuromuscular disease Polymyositis/dermatomyositis[29] - - +/- - + - - - - +/- Normal WBC Normal Normal Vt, ↑RV Muscle biopsy Muscle weakness, Heliotrope
Systemic Anxiety[30] + + + - +/- +/- - - - - Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Psychological interview Sweating, Palpitation
Autoimmune Microscopic polyangiitis[31] - - +/- + + - - - - +/- Scattered wheezing WBC O2, ↑CO2 Normal Vt, ↑RV Histological confirmation Skin lesions, Nerve damage

References

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