Iron deficiency anemia causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

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Overview

Iron deficiency anemia causes can be broadly divided into physiological causes as that seen during growth and pregnancy and due to pathological process. The pathological process could be further divided based on blood loss and inadequate iron absorption.

Causes

Life threatening causes

• Severe blood loss such as traumatic haemorrhage, haemetemesis, haemoptysis or uncontrolled bleeding from any body part can result in death from hypovolemic shock.

Most common causes

• Growth
• Pregnancy
• Malnutrition
• Malabsorption
• Blood loss
• Chronic Kidney disease
• Anemia of chronic disease
• Myeloproliferative disorders

Less common causes

• Erythrpoetin/eryhtropoetin stimulating drugs
• Leflunomide
• Pramipexole
• Trientine

Genetic cause

• IRIDA- iron referactory iron deficiency anemia due to TMPRSS6 mutation
• SLC11A-2 mutation
• Iron-refractory iron deficiency anaemia •
• Divalent metal transporter deficiency anaemia, •
• Fanconianaemia
• Pyruvate kinase deficiency

Pathological

Blood Loss

• Menstruation
• Gastrointestinal tract (Bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract (ulcers, hemorrhoids, Esophageal varices, The use of aspirin, ibuprofen, or arthritis medicines for a long time, Cancer in the esophagus, stomach, or colon)
  • Food sensitivity
  • Hookworms
• Genitourinary tract
• Respiratory tract (Rarely laryngological bleeding or from the respiratory tract)
• Blood donation

Inadequate Iron Absorption

• Dietary deficiency
• Impaired absorption (Celiac disease, Crohn's disease)
  • Intestinal malabsorption
  • Gastric surgery
  • Hypochorhydria
• Taking too many antacids that contain calcium

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	Gum bleeding
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Leflunomide, Pramipexole, trientine, antacids
Ear Nose Throat	Epistaxis
Endocrine	Erythropoetin deficiency
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Haemetemesis, Celiac disease, bariatric surgery, Gatsritis, esophageal varices, Tropical sprue, Whipple's disease, Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome, Giardia, Malabsorption Blind loop syndrome Fistula Diverticula Stricture Cystic fibrosis, Zollinger–Ellison syndrome VIPoma Carcinoid syndrome Bile acid malabsorption Crohn's disease Ulcerative colitis
Genetic	SLC11A2 mutation, IRIDA
Hematologic	Myeloproliferative disorder
Iatrogenic	Erythrpoetin administartion
Infectious Disease	H.pylori, Giardia, Hookworms, Entamoeba histolytica
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Mennorhagia, Fibroids, Post partum bleeding, Pregnancy, Endometriosis
Oncologic	Colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer, pancreatic cancer, lung cancer
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Haemoptysis
Renal/Electrolyte	Chronic kidney disease, haemodialysis
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Anemia of chronic disease
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Bleeding
Urologic	Haematuria
Miscellaneous	Decreased iron intake, increased body requirements

Causes in alphabetical order

• Anemia of chronic disease
• Antacids
• Bariatric surgery
• Blood donation
• Blood loss
• Carcinoid syndrome
• Celiac disease
• Chronic kidney disease
• Crohn's disease
• Colon cancer
• Decreased iron intake
• Diverticulosis
• Endometriosis
• Entamoeba histolytica
• Epistaxis
• Erythropoetin deficiency
• Esophageal cancer
• Esophageal varices
• Fibroids
• Gastritis
• GI fistula
• Gastric cancer
• Giardia
• H. Pylori
• Hookworm
• Haemoptysis
• Haemetemesis
• Haematuria
• Haemorrhoids
• Myeloproliferative disorders
• Malnutrition
• Malabsorption
• Peptic ulcer disease
• Pregnancy
• Post partum bleeding
• Pancreatic cancer
• Stricture
• Tropical sprue
• Ulcerative colitis
• Whipple disease
• Zollinger Ellison syndrome

Center for disease control and prevention