Cryptococcosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The [[prevalence]] of cryptococcal antigenemia among patients with [[HIV]] in the United States is approximately 2.9%. The overall incidence is estimated to be 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 population yearly in the United States. Cryptococcosis has no age, gender, or race predilection.<ref name="cdc">C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html Accessed on December 31, 2015</ref> | The [[prevalence]] of [[Cryptococcal infection|cryptococcal]] antigenemia among patients with [[HIV]] in the United States is approximately 2.9%. The overall [[incidence]] is estimated to be 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 [[population]] yearly in the United States. [[Cryptococcosis]] has no age, gender, or race predilection.<ref name="cdc">C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html Accessed on December 31, 2015</ref> | ||
==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | ||
===Prevalence=== | ===Prevalence=== | ||
*The [[prevalence]] of cryptococcal antigenemia in the general population is unknown. Given the low incidence in the general population, it is thought to be very low. | *The [[prevalence]] of cryptococcal antigenemia in the general [[population]] is unknown. Given the low [[incidence]] in the general [[population]], it is thought to be very low. | ||
*Among [[HIV]] patients in the United States, the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia is approximately 2.9%, indicating that the prevalence of cryptococcal infection may be high enough to consider targeted [[screening]] for HIV patients.<ref name="cdc">C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html Accessed on December 31, 2015</ref> | *Among [[HIV]] patients in the United States, the [[prevalence]] of [[Cryptococcosis|cryptococcal]] antigenemia is approximately 2.9%, indicating that the [[prevalence]] of [[cryptococcal infection]] may be high enough to consider targeted [[screening]] for [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]] patients.<ref name="cdc">C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html Accessed on December 31, 2015</ref> | ||
===Incidence=== | ===Incidence=== | ||
*Nationally representative estimates for the incidence of [[cryptococcosis]] are difficult to establish because [[cryptococcosis]] is only reportable in a few states. | *Nationally representative estimates for the [[incidence]] of [[cryptococcosis]] are difficult to establish because [[cryptococcosis]] is only reportable in a few states. | ||
*Results from active, population-based surveillance in two US locations in the year 2000 indicated that the annual incidence of [[cryptococcosis]] among persons with [[HIV AIDS|AIDS]] was between 2 and 7 cases per 1,000 | *Results from active, population-based surveillance in two US locations in the year 2000 indicated that the annual [[incidence]] of [[cryptococcosis]] among persons with [[HIV AIDS|AIDS]] was between 2 and 7 cases per 1,000 | ||
*The overall [[incidence]] is estimated to be 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 population yearly in the United States.<ref name="pmid12627365">{{cite journal| author=Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, Graviss E, Hamill R, Brandt ME et al.| title=The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 789-94 | pmid=12627365 | doi=10.1086/368091 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12627365 }} </ref> | *The overall [[incidence]] is estimated to be 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 [[population]] yearly in the United States.<ref name="pmid12627365">{{cite journal| author=Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, Graviss E, Hamill R, Brandt ME et al.| title=The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000. | journal=Clin Infect Dis | year= 2003 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 | pages= 789-94 | pmid=12627365 | doi=10.1086/368091 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12627365 }} </ref> | ||
*''[[Cryptococcus neoformans|C. neoformans]]'' is a major cause of illness in people living with [[HIV AIDS|HIV/AIDS]], with an estimated 1 million cases of | *''[[Cryptococcus neoformans|C. neoformans]]'' is a major cause of illness in people living with [[HIV AIDS|HIV/AIDS]], with an estimated 1 million cases of [[Cryptococcal Meningitis|cryptococcal meningitis]] occurring worldwide each year.<ref name="cdc">C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html Accessed on December 31, 2015</ref><ref name="pmid19182676">{{cite journal| author=Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM| title=Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS. | journal=AIDS | year= 2009 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 525-30 | pmid=19182676 | doi=10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19182676 }} </ref> | ||
===Age, Gender, and Race=== | ===Age, Gender, and Race=== | ||
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|- | |- | ||
|''[[Blastomyces dermatidis|Blastomyces dermatiditis]]'' | |''[[Blastomyces dermatidis|Blastomyces dermatiditis]]'' | ||
|Midwest and southeast of USA, lower Mississippi | |Midwest and southeast of USA, lower Mississippi valley up to the north central states and into the mid-Atlantic states. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|''[[Coccidiodes immitis]]'' | |''[[Coccidiodes immitis]]'' | ||
|Mostly in dry, slightly acidic soil making it common in | |Mostly in dry, slightly acidic soil making it common in southwest of USA, parts of Mexico and central and south America. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma Capsulatum]]: | |[[Histoplasma capsulatum|Histoplasma Capsulatum]]: | ||
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|[[Cryptococcus neoformans|Cryptococcus neoformans]] is distributed worldwide with the following specifics: | |[[Cryptococcus neoformans|Cryptococcus neoformans]] is distributed worldwide with the following specifics: | ||
* [[Serotype]] A is the most common. Found in people with or without [[HIV]] worldwide | * [[Serotype]] A is the most common. Found in people with or without [[HIV]] worldwide | ||
* [[Serotype]]<nowiki/>s B and C are mostly found in | * [[Serotype]]<nowiki/>s B and C are mostly found in Australia, southeast Asia, central Africa and recently in Vancouver, Canada and the pacific northwestern United States | ||
recently in Vancouver, Canada and the | |||
* [[Serotype]] D [[polysaccharide]] capsule and are primarily found in Europe and the | * [[Serotype]] D [[polysaccharide]] [[Capsule (anatomy)|capsule]] and are primarily found in Europe and the United States. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides]] | |[[Paracoccidioides brasiliensis|Paracoccidioides brasiliensi]] | ||
|Subtropical areas of | |Subtropical areas of central and south America. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Hyalohyphomycoses | |Hyalohyphomycoses |
Revision as of 17:41, 25 July 2017
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Serge Korjian M.D., Yazan Daaboul, M.D.
Overview
The prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia among patients with HIV in the United States is approximately 2.9%. The overall incidence is estimated to be 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 population yearly in the United States. Cryptococcosis has no age, gender, or race predilection.[1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Prevalence
- The prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia in the general population is unknown. Given the low incidence in the general population, it is thought to be very low.
- Among HIV patients in the United States, the prevalence of cryptococcal antigenemia is approximately 2.9%, indicating that the prevalence of cryptococcal infection may be high enough to consider targeted screening for HIV patients.[1]
Incidence
- Nationally representative estimates for the incidence of cryptococcosis are difficult to establish because cryptococcosis is only reportable in a few states.
- Results from active, population-based surveillance in two US locations in the year 2000 indicated that the annual incidence of cryptococcosis among persons with AIDS was between 2 and 7 cases per 1,000
- The overall incidence is estimated to be 0.4 to 1.3 cases per 100,000 population yearly in the United States.[2]
- C. neoformans is a major cause of illness in people living with HIV/AIDS, with an estimated 1 million cases of cryptococcal meningitis occurring worldwide each year.[1][3]
Age, Gender, and Race
Cryptococcosis has no age, gender, or race predilection.[1]
Developed Vs developing countries
The geographical distribution of endemic fungi causing meningitis are shown below:[4]
Fungus | Demography |
---|---|
Blastomyces dermatiditis | Midwest and southeast of USA, lower Mississippi valley up to the north central states and into the mid-Atlantic states. |
Coccidiodes immitis | Mostly in dry, slightly acidic soil making it common in southwest of USA, parts of Mexico and central and south America. |
Histoplasma Capsulatum: | Ohio, central Mississippi River Valley and Appalachian Mountains, |
Cryptococcus spp | Cryptococcus neoformans is distributed worldwide with the following specifics:
|
Paracoccidioides brasiliensi | Subtropical areas of central and south America. |
Hyalohyphomycoses | There are numerous molds in this group, including Aspergillus, Scedosporium, and Fusarium species. It has a worldwide distribution. |
Candida Species | Worldwide distribution |
Sporothrix schenckii | Worldwide distribution |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 C. neoformans Infection Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/cryptococcosis-neoformans/statistics.html Accessed on December 31, 2015
- ↑ Mirza SA, Phelan M, Rimland D, Graviss E, Hamill R, Brandt ME; et al. (2003). "The changing epidemiology of cryptococcosis: an update from population-based active surveillance in 2 large metropolitan areas, 1992-2000". Clin Infect Dis. 36 (6): 789–94. doi:10.1086/368091. PMID 12627365.
- ↑ Park BJ, Wannemuehler KA, Marston BJ, Govender N, Pappas PG, Chiller TM (2009). "Estimation of the current global burden of cryptococcal meningitis among persons living with HIV/AIDS". AIDS. 23 (4): 525–30. doi:10.1097/QAD.0b013e328322ffac. PMID 19182676.
- ↑ Koroshetz WJ. Chapter 382. Chronic and Recurrent Meningitis. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 18th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2012.