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**Parathyroidectomy | **Parathyroidectomy | ||
**Radical neck dissection | **Radical neck dissection | ||
*Autoimmune | *Autoimmune<ref name="pmid15141045">{{cite journal |vauthors=Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA |title=Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=350 |issue=20 |pages=2068–79 |year=2004 |pmid=15141045 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra030158 |url=}}</ref> | ||
**Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome | **Isolated autoimmune hypoparathyroidism | ||
**Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1 | |||
===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
*Infiltration and/or destruction of parathyroid glands | *Infiltration and/or destruction of parathyroid glands |
Revision as of 21:09, 19 September 2017
Hyperparathyroidism Microchapters |
Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
Case Studies |
Sandbox : anmol On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sandbox : anmol |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]
Classification
Classification of hyperparathyridism | |||
---|---|---|---|
Features | Primary hyperparathyroidism | Secondary hyperparathyroidism | Tertiary hyperparathyroidism |
Pathology | Hyperfunction of parathyroid cells due to hyperplasia, adenoma or carcinoma. | Physiological stimulation of parathyroid in response to hypocalcaemia. | Following long term physiological stimulation leading to hyperplasia. |
Cause | |||
Associations | May be associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. | Usually due to chronic renal failure or other causes of Vitamin D deficiency. | Seen in chronic renal failure. |
Serum calcium | High | Low/Normal | High |
Serum phosphate | Low/Normal | High | High |
Management | Usually surgery if symptomatic. Cincacalcet can be considered in those not fit for surgery. | Treatment of underlying cause. | Usually cinacalcet or surgery in those that don't respond. |
Causes
Common Causes
- Post-surgical (Most common cause)[1]
- Thyroidectomy
- Parathyroidectomy
- Radical neck dissection
- Autoimmune[2]
- Isolated autoimmune hypoparathyroidism
- Polyglandular autoimmune syndrome type 1
Less Common Causes
- Infiltration and/or destruction of parathyroid glands
- Genetic causes
Genetic Causes
References
- ↑ Marx SJ (2000). "Hyperparathyroid and hypoparathyroid disorders". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (25): 1863–75. doi:10.1056/NEJM200012213432508. PMID 11117980.
- ↑ Eisenbarth GS, Gottlieb PA (2004). "Autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes". N. Engl. J. Med. 350 (20): 2068–79. doi:10.1056/NEJMra030158. PMID 15141045.