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| {| class="wikitable" | | {| class="wikitable" |
| !Variable | | !Disease/Variable |
| ! | | !Presentation |
| ![[Croup]] | | !Causes |
| ![[Epiglottitis]] | | !Physical exams findings |
| ![[Pharyngitis]] | | !Age commonly affected |
| ![[Tracheitis|Bacterial tracheitis]] | | !Imaging finding |
| ![[Tonsilitis]] | | !Treatment |
| ![[Retropharyngeal abscess]]
| |
| ![[Subglottic stenosis]]
| |
| |- | | |- |
| | rowspan="4" |Presentation
| | |[[Peritonsillar abscess]] |
| |[[Cough]] | | |Severe [[sore throat]], [[otalgia]] [[fever]], a "hot potato" or muffled voice, [[drooling]], and [[trismus]]<ref name="pmid18246890" /> |
| |✔ | | |[[Streptococcus pyogenes|Aerobic and anaerobic]] |
| |<small>—</small>
| | [[Streptococcus pyogenes|bacteria most common is]] |
| | rowspan="4" |[[Sore throat]], pain on swallowing, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[Abdominal pain|abdominal]] pain, [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]]
| |
| | rowspan="4" |Barking [[cough]], [[stridor]],
| |
|
| |
|
| [[fever]], [[chest pain]], | | [[Streptococcus pyogenes|Streptococcus]] |
|
| |
|
| [[ear pain]], [[difficulty breathing]], [[headache]], [[dizziness]]. | | [[Streptococcus pyogenes|pyogenes]].<ref name="pmid15573356" /><ref name="pmid18039418" /><ref name="pmid1875138" /><ref name="pmid12092281" /> |
| | rowspan="4" |[[Sore throat]], pain on swallowing, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[cough]]
| | |[[Contralateral]] deflection of the [[uvula]], |
| | rowspan="4" |[[Neck pain]], [[stiff neck]], [[torticollis]]
| | the [[tonsil]] is displaced [[inferiorly]] and [[medially]], tender [[submandibular]] and [[anterior]] [[cervical lymph nodes|cervical lymph nodes,]] [[Tonsillar abscess|tonsillar]] [[hypertrophy]] with likely peritonsillar [[edema]]. |
| | | |The highest occurrence is in adults between 20 to 40 years of age.<ref name="pmid18246890" /> |
| [[fever]], [[malaise]], [[stridor]], and barking [[cough]] | | |On ultrasound peritonsillar abscess appears as focal irregularly marginated hypoechoic area.<ref name="pmid15635144" /><ref name="pmid1642863" /><ref name="pmid26637999" /><ref name="pmid10435129" /><ref name="pmid15635144" /><ref name="pmid1642863" /> |
| | rowspan="4" |Depends on severity. May have respiratory distress at birth, exercise-induced [[dyspnea]], intermittent [[wheezing]]. Inspiratory [[stridor]]. <ref name="pmid26132943">{{cite journal| author=Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Thurnheer R| title=IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Subglottic Stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 1 | pages= 73 | pmid=26132943 | doi=10.1056/NEJMicm1404785 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26132943 }}</ref> | | |[[Ampicillin-sulbactam|Ampicillin-sulbactam,]] [[Clindamycin]], [[Vancomycin]] or [[Linezolid]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[Stridor]] | | |[[Croup]] |
| |✔ | | |Has [[cough]] and [[stridor]] but no [[drooling]]. Others are [[Hoarseness]], [[Difficulty breathing]], symptoms of the [[common cold]], [[Runny nose]], [[Fever]] |
| |✔ | | |[[Parainfluenza virus]] |
| | |[[Suprasternal notch|Suprasternal]] and [[intercostal]] [[Indrawing|indrawing,]]<ref name="pmid19445760" /> Inspiratory [[stridor]]<ref name="Cherry2008" />, expiratory [[wheezing]],<ref name="Cherry2008" /> [[Sternal]] wall retractions<ref name="pmid194457602" /> |
| | |Mainly 6 months and 3 years old |
| | rarely, adolescents and adults<ref name="pmid8769531" /> |
| | |[[Steeple sign]] on neck X-ray |
| | |[[Dexamethasone]] and nebulised [[epenephrine|epinephrine]] |
| |- | | |- |
| |[[Drooling]] | | |[[Epiglottitis]] |
| |<small>—</small> | | |[[Stridor]] and [[drooling]] [[Difficulty breathing|but no cough. Other symptoms include difficulty breathing]], [[Difficulty swallowing|fever, chills, difficulty swallowing]], [[hoarseness]] of [[voice]] |
| |✔
| | |[[Hemolysis|H. influenza type b,]] |
| | [[Hemolysis|beta-hemolytic]] [[streptococci]], ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]],'' |
| | |
| | [[fungi]] and [[viruses]]. |
| | |[[Cyanosis]], [[Cervical]] [[lymphadenopathy]], [[Inflamed]] [[epiglottis]] |
| | |Used to be mostly found in |
| | pediatric age group between 3 to 5 years, |
| | |
| | however, recent trend favors adults |
| | |
| | as most commonly affected individuals<ref name="pmid270310102" /> |
| | |
| | with a mean age of 44.94 years |
| | |[[Thumbprint sign]] on neck x-ray |
| | |[[Airway]] maintenance, [[Parenteral|parenteral]] [[Cefotaxime]] or [[Ceftriaxone]] in combination with [[Vancomycin]]. [[Adjuvant therapy]] includes [[corticosteroids]] and [[racemic]] [[Epinephrine]].<ref name="pmid15983574" /><ref name="pmid12557859" /> |
| |- | | |- |
| | colspan="2" |Others are [[Hoarseness]], [[Difficulty breathing]], symptoms of the [[common cold]], [[Runny nose]], [[Fever]] | | |[[Pharyngitis]] |
| |[[Difficulty breathing|Other symptoms include difficulty breathing]], [[Difficulty swallowing|fever, chills, difficulty swallowing]], [[hoarseness]] of voice | | |[[Sore throat]], pain on swallowing, [[fever]], [[headache]], [[abdominal pain]], [[nausea]] and [[vomiting]] |
| |-
| | |[[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|Group A beta-hemolytic]] |
| |Causes
| | [[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|streptococcus]]. |
| | colspan="2" |[[Parainfluenza virus]]
| | |[[Inflamed]] [[pharynx]] with or without [[exudate]] |
| |[[Hemolysis|H. influenza type b, beta-hemolytic]] [[streptococci]], ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]],'' [[fungi]] and [[viruses]].
| | |Mostly in children and young adults, |
| |[[Group A beta-hemolytic streptococci|Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus]]. | | with 50% of cases identified |
| |[[Staphylococcus aureus]]
| |
| |Most common cause is viral including [[adenovirus]], [[rhinovirus]], [[influenza]], [[coronavirus]], and [[respiratory syncytial virus]]. Second most common causes are bacterial; ''[[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcal bacteria]]'',<ref name="pmid3601520">{{cite journal |author=Putto A |title=Febrile exudative tonsillitis: viral or streptococcal? |journal=[[Pediatrics]] |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=6–12 |year=1987 |pmid=3601520 |doi= |issn=}}</ref>
| |
| |Polymicrobial infection. Mostly; [[Streptococcus pyogenes]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]] and respiratory anaerobes (example; Fusobacteria, [[Prevotella species|Prevotella]], and Veillonella species)<ref name="pmid23520072">{{cite journal| author=Cheng J, Elden L| title=Children with deep space neck infections: our experience with 178 children. | journal=Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2013 | volume= 148 | issue= 6 | pages= 1037-42 | pmid=23520072 | doi=10.1177/0194599813482292 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23520072 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22481424">{{cite journal| author=Abdel-Haq N, Quezada M, Asmar BI| title=Retropharyngeal abscess in children: the rising incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 2012 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 696-9 | pmid=22481424 | doi=10.1097/INF.0b013e318256fff0 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22481424 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18948832">{{cite journal| author=Inman JC, Rowe M, Ghostine M, Fleck T| title=Pediatric neck abscesses: changing organisms and empiric therapies. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2008 | volume= 118 | issue= 12 | pages= 2111-4 | pmid=18948832 | doi=10.1097/MLG.0b013e318182a4fb | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18948832 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15573356">{{cite journal| author=Brook I| title=Microbiology and management of peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal abscesses. | journal=J Oral Maxillofac Surg | year= 2004 | volume= 62 | issue= 12 | pages= 1545-50 | pmid=15573356 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15573356 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18427007">{{cite journal| author=Wright CT, Stocks RM, Armstrong DL, Arnold SR, Gould HJ| title=Pediatric mediastinitis as a complication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus retropharyngeal abscess. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 4 | pages= 408-13 | pmid=18427007 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.4.408 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18427007 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2235179">{{cite journal| author=Asmar BI| title=Bacteriology of retropharyngeal abscess in children. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1990 | volume= 9 | issue= 8 | pages= 595-7 | pmid=2235179 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2235179 }} </ref>
| |
| |Congenital, trauma
| |
| |-
| |
| |Physical exams findings
| |
| | colspan="2" |Suprasternal and [[intercostal]] [[Indrawing|indrawing,]]<ref name="pmid19445760">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson D |title=Croup |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2009 |issue= |pages= |year=2009 |pmid=19445760 |pmc=2907784 |doi= |url=}}</ref> Inspiratory [[stridor]]<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref>, expiratory [[wheezing]],<ref name="Cherry2008">{{cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=James D.|title=Croup|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=358|issue=4|year=2008|pages=384–391|issn=0028-4793|doi=10.1056/NEJMcp072022}}</ref> [[Sternal]] wall retractions<ref name="pmid194457602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Johnson D |title=Croup |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2009 |issue= |pages= |year=2009 |pmid=19445760 |pmc=2907784 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| |
| |[[Cyanosis]], [[Cervical]] [[lymphadenopathy]], Inflammed [[epiglottis]] | |
| |Inflammed [[pharynx]] with or without [[exudate]]
| |
| |Subglottic narrowing with purulent secretions in the trachea<ref name="pmid6869336">{{cite journal| author=Liston SL, Gehrz RC, Siegel LG, Tilelli J| title=Bacterial tracheitis. | journal=Am J Dis Child | year= 1983 | volume= 137 | issue= 8 | pages= 764-7 | pmid=6869336 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6869336 }} </ref><ref name="pmid7271556">{{cite journal| author=Liston SL, Gehrz RC, Jarvis CW| title=Bacterial tracheitis. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol | year= 1981 | volume= 107 | issue= 9 | pages= 561-4 | pmid=7271556 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7271556 }} </ref> | |
| |[[Fever]], especially 100°F or higher.<ref name="Tonsillitis">Tonsillitis. Medline Plus. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001043.htm. Accessed May 2nd, 2016.</ref><ref name="urlTonsillitis - NHS Choices">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Tonsillitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx |title=Tonsillitis - NHS Choices |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>[[Erythema]], [[edema]] and [[Exudate]] of the [[tonsils]].<ref name="pmid25587367">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stelter K |title=Tonsillitis and sore throat in children |journal=GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg |volume=13 |issue= |pages=Doc07 |year=2014 |pmid=25587367 |pmc=4273168 |doi=10.3205/cto000110 |url=}}</ref> cervical [[lymphadenopathy]], [[Dysphonia]].<ref name="urlTonsillitis - Symptoms - NHS Choices">{{cite web |url=http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Tonsillitis/Pages/Symptoms.aspx |title=Tonsillitis - Symptoms - NHS Choices |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
| |
| |Child may be unable to open the mouth widely. May have enlarged
| |
|
| |
|
| [[cervical]] [[lymph nodes]] and neck mass. | | between the ages of 5 to 24 years.<ref name=":0" /> |
| |Signs of respiratory distress, intermittent [[wheezing]]. Inspiratory [[stridor]]. <ref name="pmid26132943" />
| | |_ |
| | |[[Antimicrobial]] therapy mainly [[penicillin]]-based and [[analgesics]]. |
| |- | | |- |
| |Age commonly affected | | |[[Tonsilitis]] |
| | colspan="2" |Mainly 6 months and 3 years old | | |[[Sore throat]], pain on swallowing, [[fever]], [[headache]], and [[cough]] |
| rarely, adolescents and adults<ref name="pmid8769531">{{cite journal| author=Tong MC, Chu MC, Leighton SE, van Hasselt CA| title=Adult croup. | journal=Chest | year= 1996 | volume= 109 | issue= 6 | pages= 1659-62 | pmid=8769531 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8769531 }}</ref>
| | |Most common cause is |
| |Used to be mostly found in
| | [[viral]] including [[adenovirus]], |
|
| |
|
| pediatric age group between 3 to 5 years,
| | [[rhinovirus]], [[influenza]], |
|
| |
|
| however, recent trend favors adults
| | [[coronavirus]], and |
|
| |
|
| as most commonly affected individuals<ref name="pmid270310102">{{cite journal| author=Lichtor JL, Roche Rodriguez M, Aaronson NL, Spock T, Goodman TR, Baum ED| title=Epiglottitis: It Hasn't Gone Away. | journal=Anesthesiology | year= 2016 | volume= 124 | issue= 6 | pages= 1404-7 | pmid=27031010 | doi=10.1097/ALN.0000000000001125 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27031010 }}</ref>
| | [[respiratory syncytial virus]]. |
|
| |
|
| with a mean age of 44.94 years.
| | Second most common |
| |Mostly in children and young adults,
| |
|
| |
|
| with 50% of cases identified
| | causes are bacterial; |
|
| |
|
| between the ages of 5 to 24 years.<ref>{{cite book | last = Bennett | first = John | title = Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases | publisher = Elsevier/Saunders | location = Philadelphia, PA | year = 2015 | isbn = 978-1455748013 }}</ref>
| | ''[[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcal]]'' |
| |Mostly during the first six years of life
| |
| |Primarily affects children
| |
|
| |
|
| between 5 and 15 years old.<ref name="Oroface">{{cite book |last1=Sharav |first1=Yair |last2=Benoliel |first2=Rafael |date=2008 |title=Orofacial Pain and Headache |url= |location= |publisher=Elsevier |page= |isbn=0723434123}}</ref>
| | ''[[Group A streptococcal infection|bacteria]]'',<ref name="pmid3601520" /> |
| |Mostly between 2-4 years, but can occur in other age groups.<ref name="pmid12777558">{{cite journal| author=Craig FW, Schunk JE| title=Retropharyngeal abscess in children: clinical presentation, utility of imaging, and current management. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 2003 | volume= 111 | issue= 6 Pt 1 | pages= 1394-8 | pmid=12777558 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12777558 }}</ref><ref name="pmid1876473">{{cite journal| author=Coulthard M, Isaacs D| title=Neonatal retropharyngeal abscess. | journal=Pediatr Infect Dis J | year= 1991 | volume= 10 | issue= 7 | pages= 547-9 | pmid=1876473 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1876473 }}</ref> | | |[[Fever]], especially 100°F or higher.<ref name="Tonsillitis" /><ref name="urlTonsillitis - NHS Choices" />[[Erythema]], [[edema]] and [[exudate]] of the [[tonsils]],<ref name="pmid25587367" /> cervical [[lymphadenopathy]], and [[Dysphonia]].<ref name="urlTonsillitis - Symptoms - NHS Choices" /> |
| |May be congenital congenital or acquired. Mean age in acquired is 54.1 years<ref name="pmid28007041">{{cite journal| author=Nicolli EA, Carey RM, Farquhar D, Haft S, Alfonso KP, Mirza N| title=Risk factors for adult acquired subglottic stenosis. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2017 | volume= 131 | issue= 3 | pages= 264-267 | pmid=28007041 | doi=10.1017/S0022215116009798 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28007041 }}</ref> | | |Primarily affects children |
| | between 5 and 15 years old.<ref name="Oroface" /> |
| | |Intraoral or transcutaneous USG may show an [[abscess]] making CT scan unnecessary.<ref name="pmid26527518" /><ref name="pmid25946659" /><ref name="pmid25945805" /> |
| | |[[Antimicrobial]] therapy mainly [[penicillin]]-based and [[analgesics]] with [[tonsilectomy]] in selected cases. |
| |- | | |- |
| |Imaging finding | | |[[Retropharyngeal abscess]] |
| | colspan="2" |[[Steeple sign]] on neck X-ray
| | |[[Neck pain]], [[stiff neck]], [[torticollis]], [[fever]], [[malaise]], [[stridor]], and barking [[cough]] |
| |[[Thumbprint sign]] on neck x-ray | | |Polymicrobial infection. |
| |<small>—</small>
| | Mostly; [[Streptococcus pyogenes|Streptococcus]] |
| |Lateral neck xray shows intraluminal membranes and tracheal wall irregularity. | | |
| |Intraoral or transcutaneous USG may show an abscess making CT scan unnecessary.<ref name="pmid26527518">{{cite journal| author=Kawabata M, Umakoshi M, Makise T, Miyashita K, Harada M, Nagano H et al.| title=Clinical classification of peritonsillar abscess based on CT and indications for immediate abscess tonsillectomy. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2016 | volume= 43 | issue= 2 | pages= 182-6 | pmid=26527518 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2015.09.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26527518 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25946659">{{cite journal| author=Nogan S, Jandali D, Cipolla M, DeSilva B| title=The use of ultrasound imaging in evaluation of peritonsillar infections. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2015 | volume= 125 | issue= 11 | pages= 2604-7 | pmid=25946659 | doi=10.1002/lary.25313 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25946659 }} </ref><ref name="pmid25945805">{{cite journal| author=Fordham MT, Rock AN, Bandarkar A, Preciado D, Levy M, Cohen J et al.| title=Transcervical ultrasonography in the diagnosis of pediatric peritonsillar abscess. | journal=Laryngoscope | year= 2015 | volume= 125 | issue= 12 | pages= 2799-804 | pmid=25945805 | doi=10.1002/lary.25354 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25945805 }} </ref>
| | [[Streptococcus pyogenes|pyogenes]], [[Staphylococcus aureus]] and respiratory [[anaerobes]] (example; Fusobacteria, [[Prevotella species|Prevotella]], |
| |On CT scan, a mass impinging on the posterior pharyngeal wall with rim enhancement is seen<ref name="pmid15667676">{{cite journal| author=Philpott CM, Selvadurai D, Banerjee AR| title=Paediatric retropharyngeal abscess. | journal=J Laryngol Otol | year= 2004 | volume= 118 | issue= 12 | pages= 919-26 | pmid=15667676 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15667676 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12761699">{{cite journal| author=Vural C, Gungor A, Comerci S| title=Accuracy of computerized tomography in deep neck infections in the pediatric population. | journal=Am J Otolaryngol | year= 2003 | volume= 24 | issue= 3 | pages= 143-8 | pmid=12761699 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12761699 }}</ref>
| | |
| |Bronchoscopy reveals subglottic stenosis. Computed tomography may reveal a concentric stenotic tracheal segment.<ref name="pmid261329432">{{cite journal| author=Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Thurnheer R| title=IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Subglottic Stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 1 | pages= 73 | pmid=26132943 | doi=10.1056/NEJMicm1404785 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26132943 }}</ref>
| | and Veillonella species)<ref name="pmid23520072" /><ref name="pmid22481424" /><ref name="pmid18948832" /><ref name="pmid15573356" /><ref name="pmid18427007" /><ref name="pmid2235179" /> |
| |- | | |Child may be unable to open the mouth widely. May have enlarged [[cervical]] [[lymph nodes]] and neck mass. |
| |Treatment
| | |Mostly between 2-4 years, but can occur in other age groups.<ref name="pmid12777558" /><ref name="pmid1876473" /> |
| | colspan="2" |[[Dexamethasone]] and nebulised [[epenephrine|epinephrine]]
| | |On CT scan, a mass impinging on the posterior [[pharyngeal]] wall with rim enhancement is seen<ref name="pmid15667676" /><ref name="pmid12761699" /> |
| |Airway maintenance, p[[Parenteral|arenteral]] [[Cefotaxime]] or [[Ceftriaxone]] in combination with [[Vancomycin]]. Adjuvant therapy includes [[corticosteroids]] and racemic [[Epinephrine]].<ref name="pmid15983574">{{cite journal| author=Nickas BJ| title=A 60-year-old man with stridor, drooling, and "tripoding" following a nasal polypectomy. | journal=J Emerg Nurs | year= 2005 | volume= 31 | issue= 3 | pages= 234-5; quiz 321 | pmid=15983574 | doi=10.1016/j.jen.2004.10.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15983574 }}</ref><ref name="pmid12557859">{{cite journal| author=Wick F, Ballmer PE, Haller A| title=Acute epiglottis in adults. | journal=Swiss Med Wkly | year= 2002 | volume= 132 | issue= 37-38 | pages= 541-7 | pmid=12557859 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12557859 }}</ref> | | |Immediate surgical drainage and antimicrobial therapy. emperic therapy involves; [[ampicillin]]-[[sulbactam]] or [[clindamycin]]. |
| |[[Antimicrobial]] therapy mainly [[penicillin]]-based and [[analgesics]].
| |
| |Airway maintenance and antibiotics
| |
| |[[Antimicrobial]] therapy mainly [[penicillin]]-based and [[analgesics]] with [[tonsilectomy]] in selected cases.
| |
| |Immediate surgical drainage and antimicrobial therapy. emperic therapy involves; ampicillin-sulbactam or clindamycin. | |
| |Endoscopic balloon dilation for patients with low-grade subglottic stenosis,<ref name="pmid27095722">{{cite journal| author=Cui PC, Luo JS, Zhao DQ, Guo ZH, Ma RN| title=[Management of subglottic stenosis in children with endoscopic balloon dilation]. | journal=Zhonghua Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi | year= 2016 | volume= 51 | issue= 4 | pages= 286-8 | pmid=27095722 | doi=10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-0860.2016.04.009 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27095722 }}</ref> glucocorticoid injections, and resection.<ref name="pmid261329433">{{cite journal| author=Nussbaumer-Ochsner Y, Thurnheer R| title=IMAGES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE. Subglottic Stenosis. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2015 | volume= 373 | issue= 1 | pages= 73 | pmid=26132943 | doi=10.1056/NEJMicm1404785 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26132943 }}</ref>
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