Shigellosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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{{Shigellosis}}
{{Shigellosis}}
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{{CMG}} '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[User:YazanDaaboul|Yazan Daaboul]]; [[User:Sergekorjian|Serge Korjian]]
 
==Overview==
Although individuals of all age groups may acquire shigellosis, the majority of affected individuals are children between the age of 2 to 5. There is no gender or racial predominance of shigellosis. More than 160 million cases are reported annually, of which more than 95% are reported in the developing countries. ''Shigella sonnei'' accounts for the majority of shigellosis cases in the developed (industrialized) countries, while ''Shigella flexneri'' accounts for the majority of shigellosis cases in the developing countries.
 
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Incidence===
*In 2013, the average annual incidence of shigellosis in the United States was 4.82 cases per 100,000 individuals.
===Age===
*Individuals of all age groups may acquire shigellosis.
*Children between the age of 2 to 5 and elderly patients are most susceptible to acquire shigellosis.<ref name="pmid10516787">{{cite journal| author=Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ et al.| title=Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1999 | volume= 77 | issue= 8 | pages= 651-66 | pmid=10516787 | doi= | pmc=PMC2557719 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10516787  }} </ref><ref name="CDC">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm</ref>
*Approximately 60% to 70% of all cases are reported in childcare/school settings or among families with small children.<ref name="pmid10516787">{{cite journal| author=Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ et al.| title=Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1999 | volume= 77 | issue= 8 | pages= 651-66 | pmid=10516787 | doi= | pmc=PMC2557719 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10516787  }} </ref><ref name="CDC">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm</ref>
===Gender===
*There is no gender predominance for shigellosis.


Approximately 14,000 laboratory confirmed cases of shigellosis and an estimated 448,240 total cases (85% due to ''S. sonnei'') occur in the United States each year. In the developing world, ''S.flexneri'' predominates. Epidemics of ''S. dysenteriae'' type 1 have occurred in Africa and Central America with case fatality rates of 5-15%.
===Race===
*There is no racial predominance for shigellosis.


*All reported cases are laboratory-confirmed in states or at CDC. Shigellosis is a notifiable infectious disease.  
===Developed Countries===
*Decreasing incidence in cases since 1995; characteristically, S. sonnei causes large periodic outbreaks.
*The total incidence of shigellosis in the developed countries is estimated to be approximately 1.5 million cases per year.<ref name="pmid10516787">{{cite journal| author=Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ et al.| title=Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1999 | volume= 77 | issue= 8 | pages= 651-66 | pmid=10516787 | doi= | pmc=PMC2557719 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10516787  }} </ref><ref name="CDC">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm</ref>
*Approximately 14,000 laboratory confirmed cases of shigellosis and an estimated 448,240 total cases occur in the United States each year.<ref name="pmid10516787">{{cite journal| author=Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ et al.| title=Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1999 | volume= 77 | issue= 8 | pages= 651-66 | pmid=10516787 | doi= | pmc=PMC2557719 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10516787  }} </ref><ref name="CDC">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm</ref>
*The majority of cases reported in USA are caused by ''Shigella sonnei'' (approximately 77%).<ref name="pmid10516787">{{cite journal| author=Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ et al.| title=Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1999 | volume= 77 | issue= 8 | pages= 651-66 | pmid=10516787 | doi= | pmc=PMC2557719 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10516787  }} </ref>


Every year, about 18,000 cases of shigellosis are reported in the United States. Because many milder cases are not diagnosed or reported, the actual number of infections may be twenty times greater. Shigellosis is particularly common and causes recurrent problems in settings where hygiene is poor and can sometimes sweep through entire communities. Shigellosis is more common in summer than winter. Children, especially toddlers aged 2 to 4, are the most likely to get shigellosis. Many cases are related to the spread of illness in child-care settings, and many more are the result of the spread of the illness in families with small children.In the developing world, shigellosis is far more common and is present in most communities most of the time.
===Developing Countries===
*The incidence of shigellosis in the developing world is estimated to exceed 160 million cases per year, among which shigellosis is responsible for approximately 1.1 million deaths per year.<ref name="pmid10516787">{{cite journal| author=Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ et al.| title=Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies. | journal=Bull World Health Organ | year= 1999 | volume= 77 | issue= 8 | pages= 651-66 | pmid=10516787 | doi= | pmc=PMC2557719 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10516787  }} </ref>
*In the developing world, the most common cause of shigellosis is ''S. flexneri'' (approximately 60%).<ref name="CDC">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm</ref>
*Epidemics of ''S. dysenteriae'' type 1 have been reported in Africa and Central America with case fatality rates that range between 5 to 15%.<ref name="CDC">http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm</ref>


==References==
==References==
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Latest revision as of 19:04, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Yazan Daaboul; Serge Korjian

Overview

Although individuals of all age groups may acquire shigellosis, the majority of affected individuals are children between the age of 2 to 5. There is no gender or racial predominance of shigellosis. More than 160 million cases are reported annually, of which more than 95% are reported in the developing countries. Shigella sonnei accounts for the majority of shigellosis cases in the developed (industrialized) countries, while Shigella flexneri accounts for the majority of shigellosis cases in the developing countries.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • In 2013, the average annual incidence of shigellosis in the United States was 4.82 cases per 100,000 individuals.

Age

  • Individuals of all age groups may acquire shigellosis.
  • Children between the age of 2 to 5 and elderly patients are most susceptible to acquire shigellosis.[1][2]
  • Approximately 60% to 70% of all cases are reported in childcare/school settings or among families with small children.[1][2]

Gender

  • There is no gender predominance for shigellosis.

Race

  • There is no racial predominance for shigellosis.

Developed Countries

  • The total incidence of shigellosis in the developed countries is estimated to be approximately 1.5 million cases per year.[1][2]
  • Approximately 14,000 laboratory confirmed cases of shigellosis and an estimated 448,240 total cases occur in the United States each year.[1][2]
  • The majority of cases reported in USA are caused by Shigella sonnei (approximately 77%).[1]

Developing Countries

  • The incidence of shigellosis in the developing world is estimated to exceed 160 million cases per year, among which shigellosis is responsible for approximately 1.1 million deaths per year.[1]
  • In the developing world, the most common cause of shigellosis is S. flexneri (approximately 60%).[2]
  • Epidemics of S. dysenteriae type 1 have been reported in Africa and Central America with case fatality rates that range between 5 to 15%.[2]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Kotloff KL, Winickoff JP, Ivanoff B, Clemens JD, Swerdlow DL, Sansonetti PJ; et al. (1999). "Global burden of Shigella infections: implications for vaccine development and implementation of control strategies". Bull World Health Organ. 77 (8): 651–66. PMC 2557719. PMID 10516787.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/shigellosis_t.htm


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