ST elevation myocardial infarction causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{ST elevation myocardial infarction}}
{{ST elevation myocardial infarction}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Ochuko}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The most common proximate cause of ST elevation myocardial infarction is plaque rupture.  There are risk factors for plaque rupture and triggers of plaque rupture. A full discussion regarding the [[ST elevation myocardial infarction risk factors|chronic risk factors]] and [[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|acute triggers]] of ST elevation MI can be found in other chapters.
The most common proximate cause of ST elevation myocardial infarction is plaque rupture.  There are [[risk factors]] for plaque rupture and triggers of plaque rupture. A full discussion regarding the [[ST elevation myocardial infarction risk factors|chronic risk factors]] and [[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|acute triggers]] of ST elevation MI can be found in other chapters.  While plaque rupture is the most common cause of ST segment elevation MI, other conditions can cause [[ST elevation]] and [[myocardial necrosis]].  In order to expeditiously treat an alternate underlying cause of [[myonecrosis]], it is important to rapidly identify conditions other than plaque rupture that may also cause [[ST elevation]] and [[myonecrosis]].  Indeed, the management of some of these conditions might differ substantially from that of plaque rupture: [[cocaine]] induced STEMI would not be treated with [[beta-blocker]]s, and [[myocardial contusion]] would not be treated with an [[antithrombin]].  


==Causes==
==Causes==
While plaque rupture is the most common cause of ST segment elevation MI, other conditions can cause ST elevation and myocardial necrosis. In order to expeditiously treat an alternate underlying cause of myonecrosis, it is important to rapidly identify conditions other than plaque rupture that may also cause ST elevation and myonecrosis. Indeed, the management of some of these conditions might be differ substantially from that of plaque rupture: [[cocaine]] induced STEMI would not be treated with [[beta-blocker]]s, and [[myocardial contusion]] would not be treated with an [[antithrombin]]. These conditions include the following:
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.


====By Organ System====
* [[Aortic dissection]]
* [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
* [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]]
* [[Infectious endocarditis]]


{|style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
===Common Causes===
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
*[[Plaque rupture]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic dissection]] more often extends to occlude the ostium of the [[right coronary artery]]


[[Aortic stenosis]] can cause subendocardial ischemia and infarction if demand grossly exceeds supply
===Causes by Organ System===


{| style="width:75%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[amyloidosis]], [[anaphylactic shock]], [[aortic dissection]], [[aortic stenosis]], [[arrhythmias]], [[atherosclerosis]], [[bradyarrhythmias]], [[broken heart syndrome]], [[commotio cordis]], [[coronary artery aneurysm]], [[coronary artery dissection]], [[coronary artery vasospasm]], [[coronary heart disease]], [[coronary stent thrombosis]], [[coronary thrombosis]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[dyslipidemia]], [[Hurler disease]] [[hypertension]], [[hypotension]], [[idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis]], [[infectious endocarditis]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[malignant hypertension]], [[myocardial contusion]],[[plaque rupture]], [[prinzmetal angina]], [[Progesterone]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]], [[stress cardiomyopathy]], [[tachyarrhythmias]], [[Takayasu arteritis]], [[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Kawasaki disease]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Oral contraceptive pills]], [[nuvaring]] ([[etonogestrel]] and [[ethinyl estradiol]] vaginal ring), particularly among women who smoke
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Aldesleukin]], [[almotriptan]], [[alvimopan]], [[Amlodipine besylate and Valsartan]], [[amphetamines]], [[anabolic steroids]], [[cocaine]], [[combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[caspofungin acetate]], [[desmopressin]], [[desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol]], [[diclofenac (patch)]], [[diflunisal]], [[disulfiram]], [[eletriptan]], [[ephedrine]], [[Estropipate]], [[erythropoietin]], [[ergonovine]], [[estramustine]], [[ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]], [[etravirine]], [[etonogestrel]], [[fibrinogen]],[[goserelin]], [[idarubicin hydrochloride]], [[indinavir]], [[interferon alfacon-1]], [[interferon gamma]], [[letrozole]], [[leuprolide]],  [[levothyroxine]], [[marijuana]], [[beta blockers|sudden withdrawal of beta blockers]], [[meclofenamate]], [[medroxyprogesterone]], [[mefenamic acid]], [[meloxicam]], [[meropenem]], [[methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta]], [[naratriptan]], [[niacin]], [[Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]], [[nitrates|sudden withdrawal of nitrates]], [[nitroglycerin]], [[oxaprozin]], [[pegylated interferon alfa-2b]], [[pergolide]], [[piroxicam]], [[pramipexole]], [[ramucirumab]], [[Repaglinide and Metformin hydrochloride]], [[Rubidium Rb 82]], [[sertraline]], [[sumatriptan]], [[testosterone]], [[thalidomide]], [[tiagabine]], [[toremifene]]
 
[[Anabolic steroids]]
 
[[Testosterone]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| A recent [[upper respiratory tract infection]]s has been associated with a 4.9 fold rise in the risk of [[trigger of MI|MI]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Thyrotoxicosis]]
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Thyrotoxicosis]],  
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Amyloidosis]], [[diabetes mellitus]], [[pheochromocytoma]], [[thyrotoxicosis]]
 
[[Adrenal myocarditis]], where elevated levels of [[catecholamine]]s due to [[pheochromocytoma]] cause [[myocarditis]] and STEMI.<ref name="pmid21223554">{{cite journal| author=Roghi A, Pedrotti P, Milazzo A, Bonacina E, Bucciarelli-Ducci C| title=Adrenergic myocarditis in pheochromocytoma. | journal=J Cardiovasc Magn Reson | year= 2011 | volume= 13 | issue=  | pages= 4 | pmid=21223554 | doi=10.1186/1532-429X-13-4 | pmc=PMC3025878 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21223554  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21393076">{{cite journal| author=Navarro I, Molina M, Civera M, Ascaso JF, Real JT, Carmena R| title=[Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy triggered by pheochromocytoma]. | journal=Endocrinol Nutr | year= 2011 | volume= 58 | issue= 4 | pages= 204-6 | pmid=21393076 | doi=10.1016/j.endonu.2010.11.005 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21393076  }} </ref><ref name="pmid22441003">{{cite journal| author=Subramanyam S, Kreisberg RA| title=Pheochromocytoma: a cause of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, transient left ventricular dysfunction, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy. | journal=Endocr Pract | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= e77-80 | pmid=22441003 | doi=10.4158/EP11346.CR | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22441003  }} </ref>
|-  
|-  
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Blizzards and snow shoveling, and inhalation of fine particulate matter in areas with air pollution and high traffic have been identified as [[triggers of MI]].
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Air pollution]], [[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|earthquakes]], [[dust|fine particulate matter]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| A heavy meal has been associated with a 4 fold rise in the risk of [[trigger of MI|MI]], and it is not clear if this is mediated by hyperadrenergic tone<ref name="pmid15609883">{{cite journal |author=Lipovetzky N, Hod H, Roth A, Kishon Y, Sclarovsky S, Green MS |title=Heavy meals as a trigger for a first event of the acute coronary syndrome: a case-crossover study |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=728–31 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15609883 |doi= |url=}}</ref>;
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hurler disease]], [[pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[homocystinuria]], [[Hurler disease]], [[mucopolysaccharidoses]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]] ([[DIC]])
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Disseminated intravascular coagulation]], [[hypercoagulable states]], [[polycythemia vera]], [[thrombocytosis]]
 
[[Hypercoagulable states]]
 
[[Polycythemia vera]]
 
[[Thrombocytosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Epinephrine]] overdose
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Coronary  stent thrombosis]], [[beta blockers|sudden withdrawal of beta blockers]], [[nitrates|sudden withdrawal of nitrates]], [[transluminal percutaneous coronary angioplasty]]
 
Sudden withdrawal of [[Beta blockers]] or [[nitrates]]
 
[[Stent thrombosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| A recent [[upper respiratory tract infection]]s has been associated with a 4.9 fold rise in the risk of [[trigger of MI|MI]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Infectious endocarditis]]
 
[[Infectious endocarditis]] may STEMI as a result of embolization
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Homocystinuria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| A heavy meal has been associated with a 4 fold rise in the risk of [[trigger of MI|MI]] and it is not clear if this is mediated by hyperadrenergic tone<ref name="pmid15609883">{{cite journal |author=Lipovetzky N, Hod H, Roth A, Kishon Y, Sclarovsky S, Green MS |title=Heavy meals as a trigger for a first event of the acute coronary syndrome: a case-crossover study |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=728–31 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15609883 |doi= |url=}}</ref>;
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Amyloidosis]], [[dyslipidemia]], [[electrolyte imbalance]], [[Fabry's disease]], [[familial hypercholesterolemia]], [[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|heavy meal]], [[homocystinuria]], [[Hurler disease]], [[mucopolysaccharidoses]], [[thiamine deficiency]]
 
[[Amyloidosis]]
 
[[Fabry disease]]
 
[[Homocystinuria]]
 
[[Mucopolysaccharidoses]] or [[Hurler disease]]
 
[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
 
[[Thiamine deficiency]] has been associated with ST elevation and myonecrosis <ref name="pmid16020883">{{cite journal |author=Kawano H, Koide Y, Toda G, Yano K |title=ST-segment elevation of electrocardiogram in a patient with Shoshin beriberi |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=578–85 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=16020883 |doi= |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/internalmedicine/44.578?from=PubMed}}</ref> <ref>Hundley JM, Ashburn LL, Sebrell WH. The electrocardiogram in chronic thiamine deficiency in rats. Am J Physiol 144: 404–414, 1954. </ref>  <ref name="pmid7197132">{{cite journal |author=Read DH, Harrington DD |title=Experimentally induced thiamine deficiency in beagle dogs: clinical observations |journal=Am. J. Vet. Res. |volume=42 |issue=6 |pages=984–91 |year=1981 |month=June |pmid=7197132 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Spontaneous coronary [[dissection]] in the setting of [[pregnancy]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Combined oral contraceptive pill]], [[nuvaring]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Radiation therapy]] can accelerate atherosclerosis particularly in the distribution of the left anterior descending artery;
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Pheochromocytoma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Homocystinuria]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cocaine]] ingestion which may result in direct myocyte injury due to an adrendergic surge, vasoconstriction of the microvasculature or plaque rupture and thrombus formation;
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cocaine]], [[epinephrine|epinephrine overdose]], [[marijuana]]
 
[[Marijuana]] ingestion has been identified as a [[trigger of MI]].
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Anger, [[anxiety]], [[bereavement]], work-related stress, earthquakes, bombings and other psychosocial stressors have been identified as [[triggers of MI]], and it is not clear if the mechanism is plaque rupture or hyperadrenergic tone;
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Anxiety]], [[bereavement]], [[broken heart syndrome]], [[Hurler disease]], [[psychological stress]], [[stress cardiomyopathy]],
 
[[Stress cardiomyopathy]] or [[Broken heart syndrome]] causes ST segment elevation most often in the anterior precordium and is thought to be due to direct [[myocyte]] injury from a hyperadrenergic stimulation emanating from the central nervous system.
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| A recent [[upper respiratory tract infection]]s has been associated with a 4.9 fold rise in the risk of [[trigger of MI|MI]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Anaphylactic shock]], [[respiratory failure]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Homocystinuria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Electrolyte imbalance]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Takayasus
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Amyloidosis]], [[anaphylactic shock]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Sexual activity has been identified as a [[trigger of MI]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Sexual activity]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| Both penetrating and non-penetrating trauma to the heart or [[myocardial contusion]], [[commotio cordis]] can be associated with ST elevation and myonecrosis.
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Electrocution]], [[myocardial contusion]], [[sports injury]], [[trauma]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypotension]] particularly if it is prolonged
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Anger]], [[electrocution]], [[exertion|physical exertion]], [[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|wartime bombing/missile attacks]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{columns-list|
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Air pollution]] <ref name="pmid11401937">{{cite journal |author=Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA |title=Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction |journal=Circulation |volume=103 |issue=23 |pages=2810–5 |year=2001 |month=June |pmid=11401937 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11401937}}</ref><ref name="pmid9174559">{{cite journal |author=Peters A, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Koenig W |title=Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality? |journal=Lancet |volume=349 |issue=9065 |pages=1582–7 |year=1997 |month=May |pmid=9174559 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01211-7 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11440492">{{cite journal |author=Peters A, Fröhlich M, Döring A, ''et al'' |title=Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study |journal=Eur. Heart J. |volume=22 |issue=14 |pages=1198–204 |year=2001 |month=July |pmid=11440492 |doi=10.1053/euhj.2000.2483 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9927345">{{cite journal |author=Pope CA3rd, Dockery DW, Kanner RE, Villegas GM, Schwartz J |title=Oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and particulate air pollution: A daily time-series panel study |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=159 |issue=2 |pages=365–72 |year=1999 |month=February |pmid=9927345 |doi= |url=http://ajrccm.atsjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9927345}}</ref> <ref name="pmid10568625">{{cite journal |author=Peters A, Perz S, Döring A, Stieber J, Koenig W, Wichmann HE |title=Increases in heart rate during an air pollution episode |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=150 |issue=10 |pages=1094–8 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10568625 |doi= |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10568625}}</ref>
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Anabolic steroids]]
*[[Anaphylactic shock]]
*[[Anger]]<ref name="pmid7671353">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, ''et al'' |title=Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators |journal=Circulation |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=1720–5 |year=1995 |month=October |pmid=7671353 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7671353}}</ref><ref name="pmid10593637">{{cite journal |author=Möller J, Hallqvist J, Diderichsen F, Theorell T, Reuterwall C, Ahlbom A |title=Do episodes of anger trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP) |journal=Psychosom Med |volume=61 |issue=6 |pages=842–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10593637 |doi= |url=http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10593637}}</ref><ref name="pmid15596741">{{cite journal |author=Koton S, Tanne D, Bornstein NM, Green MS |title=Triggering risk factors for ischemic stroke: a case-crossover study |journal=Neurology |volume=63 |issue=11 |pages=2006–10 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15596741 |doi= |url=http://www.neurology.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15596741}}</ref>
*[[Anxiety]]<ref name="pmid7671353">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, ''et al'' |title=Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators |journal=Circulation |volume=92 |issue=7 |pages=1720–5 |year=1995 |month=October |pmid=7671353 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7671353}}</ref>
*[[Aortic dissection]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Arrhythmias]]
*[[Atherosclerosis]]
*[[Bereavement]]
*[[Bradyarrhythmias]]
*[[Broken heart syndrome]]
*[[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
*[[Cocaine]] <ref name="pmid10351966">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Mintzer D, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Muller JE |title=Triggering of myocardial infarction by cocaine |journal=Circulation |volume=99 |issue=21 |pages=2737–41 |year=1999 |month=June |pmid=10351966 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10351966}}</ref>
*[[Combined oral contraceptive pill]]
*[[Commotio cordis]]
*[[Coronary artery aneurysm]]
*[[Coronary artery dissection]]
*[[Coronary artery vasospasm]]
*[[Coronary heart disease]]
*[[Coronary stent thrombosis]]
*[[Coronary thrombosis]]
*[[Desmopressin]]
*[[Desogestrel and Ethinyl Estradiol]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diflunisal]]
*[[Disulfiram]]
*[[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]]
*[[Dyslipidemia]]
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|Earthquakes]] <ref name="pmid8651102">{{cite journal |author=Leor J, Kloner RA |title=The Northridge earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=77 |issue=14 |pages=1230–2 |year=1996 |month=June |pmid=8651102 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002914996001695}}</ref><ref name="pmid8552142">{{cite journal |author=Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA |title=Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=334 |issue=7 |pages=413–9 |year=1996 |month=February |pmid=8552142 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=8552142&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid10220631">{{cite journal |author=Brown DL |title=Disparate effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction: importance of superimposition of triggers |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=137 |issue=5 |pages=830–6 |year=1999 |month=May |pmid=10220631 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Electrocution]]
*[[Electrolyte imbalance]]
*[[Ephedrine]]
*[[epinephrine|Epinephrine overdose]]
*[[Erythropoietin]]
*[[Ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol]]
*[[Etonogestrel]]
*[[Fabry's disease]]
*[[Familial hypercholesterolemia]]
*[[dust|Fine particulate matter]] <ref name="pmid10378998">{{cite journal |author=Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, Zweidinger R |title=Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly |journal=Environ. Health Perspect. |volume=107 |issue=7 |pages=521–5 |year=1999 |month=July |pmid=10378998 |pmc=1566669 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid10539820">{{cite journal |author=Pope CA, Verrier RL, Lovett EG, ''et al'' |title=Heart rate variability associated with particulate air pollution |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=138 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=890–9 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10539820 |doi= |url=}}</ref> <ref name="pmid10725286">{{cite journal |author=Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J, ''et al'' |title=Ambient pollution and heart rate variability |journal=Circulation |volume=101 |issue=11 |pages=1267–73 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10725286 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10725286}}</ref><ref name="pmid10615837">{{cite journal |author=Peters A, Liu E, Verrier RL, ''et al'' |title=Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia |journal=Epidemiology |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=11–7 |year=2000 |month=January |pmid=10615837 |doi= |url=http://meta.wkhealth.com/pt/pt-core/template-journal/lwwgateway/media/landingpage.htm?issn=1044-3983&volume=11&issue=1&spage=11}}</ref>
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|Heavy meal]] <ref name="pmid15609883">{{cite journal |author=Lipovetzky N, Hod H, Roth A, Kishon Y, Sclarovsky S, Green MS |title=Heavy meals as a trigger for a first event of the acute coronary syndrome: a case-crossover study |journal=Isr. Med. Assoc. J. |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=728–31 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15609883 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9036757">{{cite journal |author=Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD |title=Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=350–4 |year=1997 |month=February |pmid=9036757 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002914996007606}}</ref>
*[[Homocystinuria]]
*[[Hurler disease]]
*[[Hypercoagulable states]]
*[[Hypertension]]
*[[Hypotension]]
*[[Idarubicin hydrochloride]]
*[[Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis]]
*[[Indinavir]]
*[[Infectious endocarditis]]
*[[Interferon gamma]]
*[[Kawasaki disease]]
*[[Malignant hypertension]]
*[[Marijuana]] <ref name="pmid11401936">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE |title=Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana |journal=Circulation |volume=103 |issue=23 |pages=2805–9 |year=2001 |month=June |pmid=11401936 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11401936}}</ref>
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|Missile attacks]] <ref name="pmid16000653">{{cite journal |author=Allegra JR, Mostashari F, Rothman J, Milano P, Cochrane DG |title=Cardiac events in New Jersey after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack |journal=J Urban Health |volume=82 |issue=3 |pages=358–63 |year=2005 |month=September |pmid=16000653 |doi=10.1093/jurban/jti087 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid1679475">{{cite journal |author=Meisel SR, Kutz I, Dayan KI, ''et al'' |title=Effect of Iraqi missile war on incidence of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death in Israeli civilians |journal=Lancet |volume=338 |issue=8768 |pages=660–1 |year=1991 |month=September |pmid=1679475 |doi= |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0140-6736(91)91234-L}}</ref>
*[[Medroxyprogesterone]]
*[[Meloxicam]]
*[[Mucopolysaccharidoses]]
*[[Myocardial contusion]]
*[[Naratriptan]]
*[[Niacin]]
*[[Nitroglycerin]]
*[[Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol]]
*[[Nuvaring]]
*[[Oxaprozin]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]] <ref name="pmid22441003">{{cite journal| author=Subramanyam S, Kreisberg RA| title=Pheochromocytoma: a cause of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, transient left ventricular dysfunction, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy. | journal=Endocr Pract | year= 2012 | volume= 18 | issue= 4 | pages= e77-80 | pmid=22441003 | doi=10.4158/EP11346.CR | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22441003  }} </ref>
*[[exertion|Physical exertion]]<ref name="pmid8232457">{{cite journal |author=Willich SN, Lewis M, Löwel H, Arntz HR, Schubert F, Schröder R |title=Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=23 |pages=1684–90 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=8232457 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=8232457&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid9603539">{{cite journal |author=Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB |title=Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories |journal=Circulation |volume=97 |issue=18 |pages=1837–47 |year=1998 |month=May |pmid=9603539 |doi= |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9603539}}</ref><ref name="pmid8232456">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE |title=Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=23 |pages=1677–83 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=8232456 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=8232456&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid10707914">{{cite journal |author=Hallqvist J, Möller J, Ahlbom A, Diderichsen F, Reuterwall C, de Faire U |title=Does heavy physical exertion trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis nested in a population-based case-referent study |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=459–67 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10707914 |doi= |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10707914}}</ref><ref name="pmid10568645">{{cite journal |author=Giri S, Thompson PD, Kiernan FJ, ''et al'' |title=Clinical and angiographic characteristics of exertion-related acute myocardial infarction |journal=JAMA |volume=282 |issue=18 |pages=1731–6 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10568645 |doi= |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10568645}}</ref><ref name="pmid11070099">{{cite journal |author=Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE |title=Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=343 |issue=19 |pages=1355–61 |year=2000 |month=November |pmid=11070099 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11070099&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid16551711">{{cite journal |author=Whang W, Manson JE, Hu FB, ''et al'' |title=Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women |journal=JAMA |volume=295 |issue=12 |pages=1399–403 |year=2006 |month=March |pmid=16551711 |doi=10.1001/jama.295.12.1399 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6472399">{{cite journal |author=Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T |title=The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=311 |issue=14 |pages=874–7 |year=1984 |month=October |pmid=6472399 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8232456">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE |title=Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=23 |pages=1677–83 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=8232456 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=8232456&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid8232456">{{cite journal |author=Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE |title=Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=329 |issue=23 |pages=1677–83 |year=1993 |month=December |pmid=8232456 |doi= |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=8232456&promo=ONFLNS19}}</ref><ref name="pmid10707914">{{cite journal |author=Hallqvist J, Möller J, Ahlbom A, Diderichsen F, Reuterwall C, de Faire U |title=Does heavy physical exertion trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis nested in a population-based case-referent study |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=151 |issue=5 |pages=459–67 |year=2000 |month=March |pmid=10707914 |doi= |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10707914}}</ref>
*[[Piroxicam]]
*[[Plaque rupture]]
*[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
*[[Polycythemia vera]]
*[[Prinzmetal angina]]
*[[Pseudoxanthoma elasticum]]
*[[Psychological stress]]
*[[Ramucirumab]]
*[[Respiratory failure]]
*[[Sexual activity]] <ref name="pmid8618365">{{cite journal |author=Muller JE, Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Tofler GH |title=Triggering myocardial infarction by sexual activity. Low absolute risk and prevention by regular physical exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators |journal=JAMA |volume=275 |issue=18 |pages=1405–9 |year=1996 |month=May |pmid=8618365 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11559674">{{cite journal |author=Möller J, Ahlbom A, Hulting J, ''et al'' |title=Sexual activity as a trigger of myocardial infarction. A case-crossover analysis in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Programme (SHEEP) |journal=Heart |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=387–90 |year=2001 |month=October |pmid=11559674 |pmc=1729949 |doi= |url=http://heart.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11559674}}</ref>
*[[Sports injury]] <ref name="pmid11124170">{{cite journal |author=Witte DR, Bots ML, Hoes AW, Grobbee DE |title=Cardiovascular mortality in Dutch men during 1996 European football championship: longitudinal population study |journal=BMJ |volume=321 |issue=7276 |pages=1552–4 |year=2000 |pmid=11124170 |pmc=27557 |doi= |url=http://bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11124170}}</ref>
*[[Stress cardiomyopathy]]
*[[beta blockers|Sudden withdrawal of beta blockers]]
*[[nitrates|Sudden withdrawal of nitrates]]
*[[Sumatriptan]]
*[[Tachyarrhythmias]]
*[[Takayasu arteritis]]
*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]<ref name="pmid17483198">{{cite journal |author=Akashi YJ, Barbaro G, Sakurai T, Nakazawa K, Miyake F |title=Cardiac autonomic imbalance in patients with reversible ventricular dysfunction takotsubo cardiomyopathy |journal=QJM |volume=100 |issue=6 |pages=335–43 |year=2007 |pmid=17483198 |doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcm028}}</ref>
*[[Testosterone]]
*[[Thiamine deficiency]] <ref name="pmid16020883">{{cite journal |author=Kawano H, Koide Y, Toda G, Yano K |title=ST-segment elevation of electrocardiogram in a patient with Shoshin beriberi |journal=Intern. Med. |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=578–85 |year=2005 |month=June |pmid=16020883 |doi= |url=http://joi.jlc.jst.go.jp/JST.JSTAGE/internalmedicine/44.578?from=PubMed}}</ref> <ref>Hundley JM, Ashburn LL, Sebrell WH. The electrocardiogram in chronic thiamine deficiency in rats. Am J Physiol 144: 404–414, 1954. </ref>
*[[Thrombocytosis]]
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Transluminal percutaneous coronary angioplasty]]
*[[Trauma]]
*[[Upper respiratory tract infection]] <ref name="pmid15602021">{{cite journal |author=Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington P, Vallance P |title=Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=351 |issue=25 |pages=2611–8 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15602021 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa041747 |url=}}</ref><ref name="Saikku-1992">{{cite journal | author=Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmaki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, Manttari M, Frick MH, Huttunen JK. | title=Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year=1992 | volume=116 | issue=4 | pages=273-8 | id=PMID 1733381}}</ref>
*[[ST elevation myocardial infarction triggers|Wartime bombing]]
}}


==References==
==References==
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{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Mature chapter]]
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Latest revision as of 00:15, 30 July 2020

Acute Coronary Syndrome Main Page

ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Microchapters

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Patient Information

Overview

Pathophysiology

Pathophysiology of Vessel Occlusion
Pathophysiology of Reperfusion
Gross Pathology
Histopathology

Causes

Differentiating ST elevation myocardial infarction from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Triggers

Natural History and Complications

Risk Stratification and Prognosis

Pregnancy

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

EKG Examples

Chest X Ray

Cardiac MRI

Echocardiography

Coronary Angiography

Treatment

Pre-Hospital Care

Initial Care

Oxygen
Nitrates
Analgesics
Aspirin
Beta Blockers
Antithrombins
The coronary care unit
The step down unit
STEMI and Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Pharmacologic Reperfusion
Reperfusion Therapy (Overview of Fibrinolysis and Primary PCI)
Fibrinolysis
Reperfusion at a Non–PCI-Capable Hospital:Recommendations
Mechanical Reperfusion
The importance of reducing Door-to-Balloon times
Primary PCI
Adjunctive and Rescue PCI
Rescue PCI
Facilitated PCI
Adjunctive PCI
CABG
Management of Patients Who Were Not Reperfused
Assessing Success of Reperfusion
Antithrombin Therapy
Antithrombin therapy
Unfractionated heparin
Low Molecular Weight Heparinoid Therapy
Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Therapy
Factor Xa Inhibition
DVT prophylaxis
Long term anticoagulation
Antiplatelet Agents
Aspirin
Thienopyridine Therapy
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Other Initial Therapy
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Magnesium Therapy
Glucose Control
Calcium Channel Blocker Therapy
Lipid Management

Pre-Discharge Care

Recommendations for Perioperative Management–Timing of Elective Noncardiac Surgery in Patients Treated With PCI and DAPT

Post Hospitalization Plan of Care

Long-Term Medical Therapy and Secondary Prevention

Overview
Inhibition of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Cardiac Rehabilitation
Pacemaker Implantation
Long Term Anticoagulation
Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator
ICD implantation within 40 days of myocardial infarction
ICD within 90 days of revascularization

Case Studies

Case #1

Case #2

Case #3

Case #4

Case #5

ST elevation myocardial infarction causes On the Web

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Directions to Hospitals Treating ST elevation myocardial infarction

Risk calculators and risk factors for ST elevation myocardial infarction causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ogheneochuko Ajari, MB.BS, MS [2]

Overview

The most common proximate cause of ST elevation myocardial infarction is plaque rupture. There are risk factors for plaque rupture and triggers of plaque rupture. A full discussion regarding the chronic risk factors and acute triggers of ST elevation MI can be found in other chapters. While plaque rupture is the most common cause of ST segment elevation MI, other conditions can cause ST elevation and myocardial necrosis. In order to expeditiously treat an alternate underlying cause of myonecrosis, it is important to rapidly identify conditions other than plaque rupture that may also cause ST elevation and myonecrosis. Indeed, the management of some of these conditions might differ substantially from that of plaque rupture: cocaine induced STEMI would not be treated with beta-blockers, and myocardial contusion would not be treated with an antithrombin.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute coronary syndrome, amyloidosis, anaphylactic shock, aortic dissection, aortic stenosis, arrhythmias, atherosclerosis, bradyarrhythmias, broken heart syndrome, commotio cordis, coronary artery aneurysm, coronary artery dissection, coronary artery vasospasm, coronary heart disease, coronary stent thrombosis, coronary thrombosis, dissecting aortic aneurysm, dyslipidemia, Hurler disease hypertension, hypotension, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, infectious endocarditis, Kawasaki disease, malignant hypertension, myocardial contusion,plaque rupture, prinzmetal angina, Progesterone, pseudoxanthoma elasticum, stress cardiomyopathy, tachyarrhythmias, Takayasu arteritis, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Chemical / poisoning Carbon monoxide poisoning
Dermatologic Kawasaki disease, pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Drug Side Effect Aldesleukin, almotriptan, alvimopan, Amlodipine besylate and Valsartan, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, cocaine, combined oral contraceptive pill, caspofungin acetate, desmopressin, desogestrel and ethinyl estradiol, diclofenac (patch), diflunisal, disulfiram, eletriptan, ephedrine, Estropipate, erythropoietin, ergonovine, estramustine, ethynodiol diacetate and ethinyl estradiol, etravirine, etonogestrel, fibrinogen,goserelin, idarubicin hydrochloride, indinavir, interferon alfacon-1, interferon gamma, letrozole, leuprolide, levothyroxine, marijuana, sudden withdrawal of beta blockers, meclofenamate, medroxyprogesterone, mefenamic acid, meloxicam, meropenem, methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta, naratriptan, niacin, Norgestimate and Ethinyl estradiol, Norgestrel and Ethinyl estradiol, sudden withdrawal of nitrates, nitroglycerin, oxaprozin, pegylated interferon alfa-2b, pergolide, piroxicam, pramipexole, ramucirumab, Repaglinide and Metformin hydrochloride, Rubidium Rb 82, sertraline, sumatriptan, testosterone, thalidomide, tiagabine, toremifene
Ear Nose Throat Thyrotoxicosis
Endocrine Amyloidosis, diabetes mellitus, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental Air pollution, earthquakes, fine particulate matter
Gastroenterologic Hurler disease, pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Genetic Fabry's disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, homocystinuria, Hurler disease, mucopolysaccharidoses
Hematologic Disseminated intravascular coagulation, hypercoagulable states, polycythemia vera, thrombocytosis
Iatrogenic Coronary stent thrombosis, sudden withdrawal of beta blockers, sudden withdrawal of nitrates, transluminal percutaneous coronary angioplasty
Infectious Disease Infectious endocarditis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Homocystinuria
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic Amyloidosis, dyslipidemia, electrolyte imbalance, Fabry's disease, familial hypercholesterolemia, heavy meal, homocystinuria, Hurler disease, mucopolysaccharidoses, thiamine deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic Combined oral contraceptive pill, nuvaring
Oncologic Pheochromocytoma
Opthalmologic Homocystinuria
Overdose / Toxicity Cocaine, epinephrine overdose, marijuana
Psychiatric Anxiety, bereavement, broken heart syndrome, Hurler disease, psychological stress, stress cardiomyopathy,
Pulmonary Anaphylactic shock, respiratory failure, upper respiratory tract infection
Renal / Electrolyte Electrolyte imbalance
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Amyloidosis, anaphylactic shock, polyarteritis nodosa
Sexual Sexual activity
Trauma Electrocution, myocardial contusion, sports injury, trauma
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Anger, electrocution, physical exertion, wartime bombing/missile attacks

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Peters A, Dockery DW, Muller JE, Mittleman MA (2001). "Increased particulate air pollution and the triggering of myocardial infarction". Circulation. 103 (23): 2810–5. PMID 11401937. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Peters A, Döring A, Wichmann HE, Koenig W (1997). "Increased plasma viscosity during an air pollution episode: a link to mortality?". Lancet. 349 (9065): 1582–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(97)01211-7. PMID 9174559. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Peters A, Fröhlich M, Döring A; et al. (2001). "Particulate air pollution is associated with an acute phase response in men; results from the MONICA-Augsburg Study". Eur. Heart J. 22 (14): 1198–204. doi:10.1053/euhj.2000.2483. PMID 11440492. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Pope CA3rd, Dockery DW, Kanner RE, Villegas GM, Schwartz J (1999). "Oxygen saturation, pulse rate, and particulate air pollution: A daily time-series panel study". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159 (2): 365–72. PMID 9927345. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Peters A, Perz S, Döring A, Stieber J, Koenig W, Wichmann HE (1999). "Increases in heart rate during an air pollution episode". Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 (10): 1094–8. PMID 10568625. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB; et al. (1995). "Triggering of acute myocardial infarction onset by episodes of anger. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators". Circulation. 92 (7): 1720–5. PMID 7671353. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ↑ Möller J, Hallqvist J, Diderichsen F, Theorell T, Reuterwall C, Ahlbom A (1999). "Do episodes of anger trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Program (SHEEP)". Psychosom Med. 61 (6): 842–9. PMID 10593637.
  8. ↑ Koton S, Tanne D, Bornstein NM, Green MS (2004). "Triggering risk factors for ischemic stroke: a case-crossover study". Neurology. 63 (11): 2006–10. PMID 15596741. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Mittleman MA, Mintzer D, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Muller JE (1999). "Triggering of myocardial infarction by cocaine". Circulation. 99 (21): 2737–41. PMID 10351966. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Leor J, Kloner RA (1996). "The Northridge earthquake as a trigger for acute myocardial infarction". Am. J. Cardiol. 77 (14): 1230–2. PMID 8651102. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Leor J, Poole WK, Kloner RA (1996). "Sudden cardiac death triggered by an earthquake". N. Engl. J. Med. 334 (7): 413–9. PMID 8552142. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ Brown DL (1999). "Disparate effects of the 1989 Loma Prieta and 1994 Northridge earthquakes on hospital admissions for acute myocardial infarction: importance of superimposition of triggers". Am. Heart J. 137 (5): 830–6. PMID 10220631. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Liao D, Creason J, Shy C, Williams R, Watts R, Zweidinger R (1999). "Daily variation of particulate air pollution and poor cardiac autonomic control in the elderly". Environ. Health Perspect. 107 (7): 521–5. PMC 1566669. PMID 10378998. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Pope CA, Verrier RL, Lovett EG; et al. (1999). "Heart rate variability associated with particulate air pollution". Am. Heart J. 138 (5 Pt 1): 890–9. PMID 10539820. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ Gold DR, Litonjua A, Schwartz J; et al. (2000). "Ambient pollution and heart rate variability". Circulation. 101 (11): 1267–73. PMID 10725286. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Peters A, Liu E, Verrier RL; et al. (2000). "Air pollution and incidence of cardiac arrhythmia". Epidemiology. 11 (1): 11–7. PMID 10615837. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Lipovetzky N, Hod H, Roth A, Kishon Y, Sclarovsky S, Green MS (2004). "Heavy meals as a trigger for a first event of the acute coronary syndrome: a case-crossover study". Isr. Med. Assoc. J. 6 (12): 728–31. PMID 15609883. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Vogel RA, Corretti MC, Plotnick GD (1997). "Effect of a single high-fat meal on endothelial function in healthy subjects". Am. J. Cardiol. 79 (3): 350–4. PMID 9036757. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Mittleman MA, Lewis RA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Muller JE (2001). "Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana". Circulation. 103 (23): 2805–9. PMID 11401936. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ Allegra JR, Mostashari F, Rothman J, Milano P, Cochrane DG (2005). "Cardiac events in New Jersey after the September 11, 2001, terrorist attack". J Urban Health. 82 (3): 358–63. doi:10.1093/jurban/jti087. PMID 16000653. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Meisel SR, Kutz I, Dayan KI; et al. (1991). "Effect of Iraqi missile war on incidence of acute myocardial infarction and sudden death in Israeli civilians". Lancet. 338 (8768): 660–1. PMID 1679475. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  22. ↑ Subramanyam S, Kreisberg RA (2012). "Pheochromocytoma: a cause of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, transient left ventricular dysfunction, and takotsubo cardiomyopathy". Endocr Pract. 18 (4): e77–80. doi:10.4158/EP11346.CR. PMID 22441003.
  23. ↑ Willich SN, Lewis M, Löwel H, Arntz HR, Schubert F, Schröder R (1993). "Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. Triggers and Mechanisms of Myocardial Infarction Study Group". N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (23): 1684–90. PMID 8232457. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  24. ↑ Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Levy D, Belanger AM, Silbershatz H, Kannel WB (1998). "Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories". Circulation. 97 (18): 1837–47. PMID 9603539. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, Sherwood JB, Goldberg RJ, Muller JE (1993). "Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion. Protection against triggering by regular exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators". N. Engl. J. Med. 329 (23): 1677–83. PMID 8232456. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Hallqvist J, Möller J, Ahlbom A, Diderichsen F, Reuterwall C, de Faire U (2000). "Does heavy physical exertion trigger myocardial infarction? A case-crossover analysis nested in a population-based case-referent study". Am. J. Epidemiol. 151 (5): 459–67. PMID 10707914. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  27. ↑ Giri S, Thompson PD, Kiernan FJ; et al. (1999). "Clinical and angiographic characteristics of exertion-related acute myocardial infarction". JAMA. 282 (18): 1731–6. PMID 10568645. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  28. ↑ Albert CM, Mittleman MA, Chae CU, Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Manson JE (2000). "Triggering of sudden death from cardiac causes by vigorous exertion". N. Engl. J. Med. 343 (19): 1355–61. PMID 11070099. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  29. ↑ Whang W, Manson JE, Hu FB; et al. (2006). "Physical exertion, exercise, and sudden cardiac death in women". JAMA. 295 (12): 1399–403. doi:10.1001/jama.295.12.1399. PMID 16551711. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  30. ↑ Siscovick DS, Weiss NS, Fletcher RH, Lasky T (1984). "The incidence of primary cardiac arrest during vigorous exercise". N. Engl. J. Med. 311 (14): 874–7. PMID 6472399. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  31. ↑ Muller JE, Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Sherwood JB, Tofler GH (1996). "Triggering myocardial infarction by sexual activity. Low absolute risk and prevention by regular physical exertion. Determinants of Myocardial Infarction Onset Study Investigators". JAMA. 275 (18): 1405–9. PMID 8618365. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Möller J, Ahlbom A, Hulting J; et al. (2001). "Sexual activity as a trigger of myocardial infarction. A case-crossover analysis in the Stockholm Heart Epidemiology Programme (SHEEP)". Heart. 86 (4): 387–90. PMC 1729949. PMID 11559674. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Witte DR, Bots ML, Hoes AW, Grobbee DE (2000). "Cardiovascular mortality in Dutch men during 1996 European football championship: longitudinal population study". BMJ. 321 (7276): 1552–4. PMC 27557. PMID 11124170.
  34. ↑ Akashi YJ, Barbaro G, Sakurai T, Nakazawa K, Miyake F (2007). "Cardiac autonomic imbalance in patients with reversible ventricular dysfunction takotsubo cardiomyopathy". QJM. 100 (6): 335–43. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcm028. PMID 17483198.
  35. ↑ Kawano H, Koide Y, Toda G, Yano K (2005). "ST-segment elevation of electrocardiogram in a patient with Shoshin beriberi". Intern. Med. 44 (6): 578–85. PMID 16020883. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Hundley JM, Ashburn LL, Sebrell WH. The electrocardiogram in chronic thiamine deficiency in rats. Am J Physiol 144: 404–414, 1954.
  37. ↑ Smeeth L, Thomas SL, Hall AJ, Hubbard R, Farrington P, Vallance P (2004). "Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination". N. Engl. J. Med. 351 (25): 2611–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa041747. PMID 15602021. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ Saikku P, Leinonen M, Tenkanen L, Linnanmaki E, Ekman MR, Manninen V, Manttari M, Frick MH, Huttunen JK. (1992). "Chronic Chlamydia pneumoniae infection as a risk factor for coronary heart disease in the Helsinki Heart Study". Ann Intern Med. 116 (4): 273–8. PMID 1733381.

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