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| | __NOTOC__ |
| {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | | | {{DiseaseDisorder infobox | |
| Name = Jaundice, NOS | | | Name = Jaundice, NOS | |
| Image = PHIL 2860 lores.jpg| | | Image = PHIL 2860 lores.jpg| |
| Caption = Yellowing of the [[skin]] and [[sclera]] caused by [[Hepatitis|Hepatitis A]].| | | Caption = Yellowing of the [[skin]] and [[sclera]], via Wikimedia Commons<ref>By Photo Credit: Content Providers(s): CDC/Dr. Thomas F. Sellers/Emory University [Public domain], <"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AJaundice_eye.jpg"></ref>| |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|R|17||r|10}} |
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| ICD9 = {{ICD9|782.4}} |
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| OMIM = |
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| MedlinePlus = 003243 |
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| eMedicineSubj = |
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| eMedicineTopic = |
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| DiseasesDB = 7038 |
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| MeshID = D007565 |
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| }} | | }} |
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| {{CMG}}
| | '''For patient information, click [[Jaundice (patient information)|here]].''' |
| {{Jaundice}}
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| ==Overview==
| | '''For the approach to a patient with jaundice, click [[Approach to a patient with jaundice|here]].''' |
| '''Jaundice''', also known as '''icterus''' (attributive adjective: "icteric"), is yellowish discoloration of the [[skin]], [[conjunctiva]] (a clear covering over the [[sclera]], or whites of the eyes) and [[mucous membrane]]s caused by [[hyperbilirubinemia]] (increased levels of [[bilirubin]] in red blooded animals). Usually the concentration of bilirubin in the [[blood]] must exceed 2–3 [[milligram|mg]]/[[decilitre|dL]] for the coloration to be easily visible. | |
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| ==Historical Perspective==
| | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{FKH}}, {{FA}}, {{EG}}, {{MJ}} |
| ''Jaundice'' comes from the French word ''jaune'', meaning yellow. | |
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| ==Classification==
| | {{Jaundice}} |
| [[Neonatal jaundice]] | [[Prehepatic jaundice]] | [[Hepatic jaundice]] | [[Posthepatic jaundice]]
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| ==Pathophysiology==
| | '''''Synonyms and keywords:''''' Icterus; hyperbilirubinemia, yellow discolouration. |
| * Bilirubin is the major breakdown product of hemoglobin that is released from dying or damaged erythrocytes
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| * The normal bilirubin range is 0.3-1.0 mg/dL
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| * Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL
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| ==Causes==
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| When [[red blood cell]]s die, the [[heme]] in their [[haemoglobin]] is converted to [[bilirubin]] in the [[spleen]] and in the hepatocytes in the liver. The [[bilirubin]] is processed by the [[liver]], enters [[bile]] and is eventually excreted through [[feces]].
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| Consequently, there are three different classes of causes for jaundice. ''Pre-hepatic'' or ''hemolytic'' causes, where too many red blood cells are broken down, ''hepatic'' causes where the processing of [[bilirubin]] in the liver does not function correctly, and ''post-hepatic'' or ''extrahepatic'' causes, where the removal of bile is disturbed.
| | ==[[Jaundice overview|Overview]]== |
| ===Common Causes=== | |
| *[[Hepatitis]]
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| *[[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
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| *[[Gallstones]]
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| *[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
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| *[[Thalassemia]]
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| *[[Sickle-cell disease]]
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| *[[Hemolytic anemia]]
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| *[[Cirrhosis]]
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| *[[Cancer]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System=== | | ==[[Jaundice historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Eclampsia]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Infective endocarditis ]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
| |
| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[1,2-Dibromoethane ]], [[2-acetylamino-fluorene ]], [[2-Nitropropane ]], [[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine ]], [[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene ]], [[8-Hydroxyquinolone ]], [[Acer rubrum]], [[Acetates ]], [[Acetonitrile ]], [[Acetylene Tetrabromide ]], [[Acrylonitrile ]], [[Aflatoxin ]], [[Albitocin]], [[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons ]], [[Aliphatic Amines ]], [[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ]], [[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons ]], [[Allyl alcohol ]], [[Amanita phalloides]], [[Aromatic amines ]], [[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons ]], [[Aromatic Hydrocarbons ]], [[Arsenic ]], [[Arsine ]], [[Benzene ]], [[Benzyl chloride ]], [[Beryllium ]], [[Biliary colic]], [[Bipyridyl pesticides ]], [[Black nightshade poisoning ]], [[Boron ]], [[Cadmium ]], [[Carbarsone ]], [[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides ]], [[Carbon Disulfide ]], [[Carbon Tetrachloride ]], [[Chloramphenicol ]], [[Chlorate salts ]], [[Chlordane]], [[Chlorinated benzenes ]], [[Chlorinated naphthalene ]], [[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives ]], [[Chloroform]], [[Chloromethane ]], [[Chloroprene ]], [[Chromium ]], [[Comfrey ]], [[Copper ]], [[Cresol ]], [[Cycasin]], [[Cyclochlorotine ]], [[Dibromochloropropane ]], [[Diethylene Glycol ]], [[Dimethyl sulfate ]], [[Dimethylnitrosamine ]], [[Dinitrobenzene ]], [[Dinitrocresol ]], [[Dinitrophenol ]], [[Dinitrotoluene ]], [[Ethanolamines ]], [[Ethyl Acetate ]], [[Ethyl alcohol ]], [[Ethyl benzene ]], [[Ethyl Ether ]], [[Ethyl Salicylate ]], [[Ethylene chlorohydrin ]], [[Ethylene Dibromide ]], [[Ethylene dichloride ]], [[Ethylene oxide ]], [[Ethylenediamine ]], [[Germander ]], [[Germanium ]], [[Gold ]], [[Hafnium ]], [[Horse nettle ]], [[Hydrogen bromides ]], [[Hydrogen Cyanide ]], [[Icterogenin]], [[Indospicine]], [[Isopropyl acetate ]], [[Kepone pesticides ]], [[Lanthanides ]], [[Lead ]], [[Mercaptans ]], [[Mercury ]], [[Methoxyflurane ]], [[Methyl acetate ]], [[Methyl Bromide ]], [[Methyl Chloride ]], [[Methylene chloride ]], [[Methylene Dianiline ]], [[Metolachlor]], [[Monomethylhydrazine]], [[N,N-Dimethylformamide ]], [[Naphthalene]], [[Naphthol ]], [[N-butyl acetate ]], [[Ngaione]], [[Nickel ]], [[Niobium ]], [[Nitriles ]], [[Nitrobenzene ]], [[Nitromethane ]], [[Nitroparaffins ]], [[N-N-Dimethylacetamide ]], [[N-Nitrosodimethylamine ]], [[N-propyl acetate ]], [[Ochratoxin ]], [[Para-Dichlorobenzene ]], [[Phosphine ]], [[Phosphorus]], [[Phthalic Anhydride ]], [[Picric Acid ]], [[Polybrominated biphenyls ]], [[Polychlorinated biphenyls ]], [[Polygonum multiflorum ]], [[Propylene dichloride ]], [[Psoralea Corylifolia ]], [[Pyrogallol ]], [[Pyrrolidizine]], [[Ragwort]], [[Rubratoxin ]], [[Safrole]], [[Solanine]], [[Solder ]], [[Sterigmatocystin ]], [[Stibine ]], [[Tellurium]], [[Tetrachloroethane]], [[Tetrachloroethylene ]], [[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide ]], [[Thallium]], [[Thioxanthene]], [[Thorium dioxide ]], [[Thorotrast ]], [[Toluene ]], [[Trichloroethylene ]], [[Trinitrotoluene ]], [[Uranium ]], [[Vicia faba]], [[Vinyl Chloride ]], [[White Phosphorus ]], [[Xylene ]] ,[[Favism]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Griscelli disease ]], [[NISCH syndrome ]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome ]], [[Kawasaki disease ]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome ]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[5-Fluorocytosine ]], [[Allopurinol ]], [[Alprazolam]], [[Amineptine]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Amlodipine]], [[Amodiaquine ]], [[Amphotericin ]], [[Anabolic C-17 ]], [[Bicalutamide]], [[Bromazepam]], [[Buprenorphine]], [[Butyrophenones]], [[Cefaclor]], [[Cephalosporins]], [[Cimetidine ]], [[Clarithromycin]], [[Clavulanic acid]], [[Clindamycin]], [[Co-amoxiclav]], [[Colchicine ]], [[Cyclopropane ]], [[Cycloserine ]], [[Cytarabine ]], [[Dantrolene ]], [[Dapsone]], [[Daptomycin]], [[Deracoxib]], [[Diazepam]], [[Diflunisal ]], [[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]], [[Disulfiram ]], [[Docetaxel]], [[Doxepine]], [[Duloxetine]], [[Dydrogesterone]], [[Erythromycin estolate ]], [[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate ]], [[Estrogen and Progestin]], [[Ethionamide ]], [[Fenoprofen ]], [[Flucloxacillin]], [[Framycetin]], [[Fusidic acid]], [[Griseofulvin ]], [[Halothane ]], [[Hycanthone ]], [[Ibuprofen ]], [[Idoxuridine ]], [[Imipramine]], [[Indomethacin ]], [[Isoniazid ]], [[Itraconazole]], [[Ketoconazole ]], [[Loprazolam]], [[Lorazepam]], [[Lormetazepam]], [[Mepacrine ]], [[Mephenytoin ]], [[Methimazole]], [[Methyldopa]], [[Metronidazole ]], [[Minocycline]], [[Mirtazapine]], [[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]], [[Naproxen ]], [[Nitrofurantoin]], [[Nitrous Oxide ]], [[Novobiocin ]], [[Oxycodone]], [[p-aminosalicylic acid ]], [[Papaverine]], [[Paroxetine]], [[Penicillin ]], [[Phenol ]], [[Phenothiazine]], [[Phenylbutazone ]], [[Phenytoin ]], [[Pyridine ]], [[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]], [[Quinolone ]], [[Ranitidine ]], [[Rifampicin]], [[Salicylate ]], [[Sibutramine]], [[Spectinomycin ]], [[Sulindac ]], [[Sulphonamides]], [[Tamoxifen]], [[Tegaserod]], [[Telithromycin]], [[Tetracycline ]], [[Thiabendazole ]], [[Trazodone]], [[Valproic acid]], [[Vidarabine ]], [[Zoxazolamine ]],
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Gestational diabetes]], [[Growth hormone deficiency]], [[Hypopituitarism]], [[Hypothyroidism]], [[Thyroid agenesis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Accessory pancreas]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Acute Cholecystitis]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Acute hepatitis]], [[Acute liver failure]], [[Addison-Gull syndrome]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Alcoholic Hepatitis]], [[Alcoholic liver disease]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver ]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune Hepatitis ]], [[Baber's syndrome ]], [[Banti's syndrome]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form ]], [[Bile plug syndrome ]], [[Biliary atresia]], [[Biliary cirrhosis ]], [[Budd-Chiari syndrome]], [[Byler Disease ]], [[Caroli's Disease]], [[Chlorpropamide]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Cholangitis]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation ]], [[Choledochal cysts]], [[Choledocholithiasis]], [[Cholestasis ]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate ]], [[Chronic cholecystitis]], [[Chronic Hepatitis ]], [[Cirrhosis of liver ]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Gallstones ]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]], [[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome ]], [[Hepatoma ]], [[Hyperemesis gravidarum]], [[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis ]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ]], [[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer ]], [[Mirizzi's syndrome]], [[Mosse syndrome ]], [[Neonatal hepatitis ]], [[Neuroma biliary tract ]], [[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]], [[Obliterative portal venopathy ]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatitis]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Papillary stenosis]], [[Peliosis hepatis]], [[Portal hypertension]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]], [[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]], [[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]], [[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[NISCH syndrome ]], [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption ]], [[Hemochromatosis ]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome ]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[HELLP syndrome ]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma ]], [[Pernicious anemia]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Reynolds syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome ]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis ]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis ]], [[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption ]], [[Galactosemia ]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Glutaric aciduria ]], [[Hemochromatosis ]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis ]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome ]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Niemann-Pick disease ]], [[Porphyria]], [[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Rotor syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Wolman disease]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Griscelli disease ]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC) ]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Trisomy 18]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Achrestic anemia]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism ]], [[Favism ]], [[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome ]], [[HELLP syndrome ]], [[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC) ]], [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]] ,[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]], [[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma ]], [[Hereditary spherocytosis]], [[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]], [[Hodgkin's Disease ]], [[Kawasaki disease ]], [[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ]], [[Lymphoma ]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis ]] ,[[Pernicious anemia]], [[Rh deficiency syndrome]], [[Thalassemia]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], [[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]], [[Mosse syndrome ]], [[Zieve's syndrome]], [[Aagenaes syndrome ]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis ]], [[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Hereditary elliptocytosis ]], [[Hereditary xerocytosis]], [[Porphyria]], [[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]], [[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma ]], [[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome ]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Rh disease]], [[Kawasaki disease ]], [[Sickle-cell disease]], [[Griscelli disease ]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Post operative jaundice]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]], [[Aspergillosis]], [[Congenital TORCH infections]], [[Fascioliasis ]], [[Infective endocarditis ]], [[Malignant boutonneuse fever]], [[Nanukayami ]], [[Neonatal sepsis ]], [[Omphalitis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Sepsis]], [[Tuberculosis]], [[Q fever]], [[Relapsing fever]], [[Syphilis]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Malaria ]], [[Cytomegalovirus]], [[Hepadnaviruses ]], [[Herpes]], [[Infectious mononucleosis]], [[Lábrea fever]], [[Marburg virus]], [[Viral Hepatitis A]], [[Viral Hepatitis B]], [[Viral Hepatitis C]], [[Viral Hepatitis D]], [[Viral Hepatitis E]], [[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]], [[Ascending cholangitis]], [[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]], [[Acute meningitis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome ]], [[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation ]], [[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism ]], [[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis ]], [[Lupus]], [[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis ]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Hemochromatosis ]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]], [[Lupus]], [[Trisomy 18]], [[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Acute meningitis]], [[Eclampsia]], [[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome ]], [[Pseudo-torch syndrome]], [[Sotos syndrome]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Lissencephalic syndromes]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Trisomy 18]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Breast feeding jaundice]], [[Breast milk jaundice ]], [[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]], [[Fructose intolerance]], [[Manganese deficiency]], [[Molybdenum deficiency]], [[Organic acidemia]], [[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]], [[Selenium deficiency]], [[Vitamin A overdose]], [[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]], [[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]], [[Gilbert's syndrome]], [[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]], [[Galactosemia ]], [[Glutaric aciduria ]], [[Hereditary fructose intolerance]], [[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]], [[Niemann-Pick disease ]], [[Tyrosinemia]], [[Wolman disease]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[HELLP syndrome]], [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]], [[Eclampsia]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]], [[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma ]], [[Acinic cell carcinoma]], [[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver ]], [[Bile duct cancer]], [[Cholangiocarcinoma]], [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Esophageal cancer]], [[Gallbladder cancer]], [[Hepatoma ]], [[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ]], [[Islet Cell adenoma]], [[Liver cancer ]], [[Neuroma biliary tract ]], [[Pancreatic adenoma]], [[Pancreatic cancer]], [[Pancreatoblastoma]], [[Lymphoma ]], [[Zellweger syndrome]], [[Mesothelioma]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Opthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome ]], [[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate ]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]], [[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]], [[Wilson's Disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Acetaminophen]], [[Iron ]], [[Vitamin C ]], [[Vitamin A]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]], [[Mesothelioma]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Pneumonia]], [[Tuberculosis]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]], [[Weil's disease]], [[Alagille syndrome]], [[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome ]], [[Lupus]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Autoimmune Hepatitis ]], [[Primary biliary cirrhosis]], [[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]], [[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]], [[Evans syndrome]], [[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]], [[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Lupus]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]], [[Lupus]], [[Hemochromatosis ]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Cephalhematoma]], [[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite ]], [[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]], [[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]], [[Premature birth]], [[Reye's syndrome]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | | ==[[Jaundice classification scheme|Classification]]== |
| {{MultiCol}}
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| *[[1,2-Dibromoethane ]]
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| *[[2-acetylamino-fluorene ]]
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| *[[2-Nitropropane ]]
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| *[[3,3-Dichlorobenzidine ]]
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| *[[4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene ]]
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| *[[5-Fluorocytosine ]]
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| *[[8-Hydroxyquinolone ]]
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| *[[Aagenaes syndrome ]]
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| *[[Septo-optic dysplasia|Absence of septum pellucidum and septo-optic dysplasia ]]
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| *[[Accessory pancreas]]
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| *[[Acer rubrum]]
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| *[[Acetaminophen]]
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| *[[Acetates ]]
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| *[[Acetonitrile ]]
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| *[[Acetylene Tetrabromide ]]
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| *[[Achrestic anemia]]
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| *[[Acinic cell carcinoma]]
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| *[[Acral dysostosis -- dyserythropoiesis ]]
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| *[[Acrylonitrile ]]
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| *[[Acute Cholecystitis]]
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| *[[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
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| *[[Acute hepatitis]]
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| *[[Acute liver failure]]
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| *[[Acute meningitis]]
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| *[[Addison-Gull syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Aflatoxin ]]
| |
| *[[Alagille syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Albitocin]]
| |
| *[[Alcoholic Hepatitis]]
| |
| *[[Alcoholic liver disease]]
| |
| *[[Aldolase A deficiency ]]
| |
| *[[Alicyclic Hydrocarbons ]]
| |
| *[[Aliphatic Amines ]]
| |
| *[[Aliphatic Hydrocarbons ]]
| |
| *[[Aliphatic hydrogenated hydrocarbons ]]
| |
| *[[Allopurinol ]]
| |
| *[[Allyl alcohol ]]
| |
| *[[Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ]]
| |
| *[[Alprazolam]]
| |
| *[[Alveolar Hydatid Disease .]]
| |
| *[[Amanita phalloides]]
| |
| *[[Amineptine]]
| |
| *[[Amiodarone]]
| |
| *[[Amlodipine]]
| |
| *[[Amodiaquine ]]
| |
| *[[Amphotericin ]]
| |
| *[[Anabolic C-17 ]]
| |
| *[[Hemangiosarcoma|Angiosarcoma of the liver ]]
| |
| *[[Aromatic amines ]]
| |
| *[[Aromatic halogenated hydrocarbons ]]
| |
| *[[Aromatic Hydrocarbons ]]
| |
| *[[Arsenic ]]
| |
| *[[Arsine ]]
| |
| *[[Arthrogryposis|Arthrogryposis -- renal dysfunction -- cholestasis syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Ascending cholangitis]]
| |
| *[[Aspergillosis]]
| |
| *[[Autoimmune hemolytic anemia]]
| |
| *[[Autoimmune Hepatitis ]]
| |
| *[[Baber's syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Babesiosis ]]
| |
| *[[Banti's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Benign intrahepatic cholestasis ]]
| |
| *[[Benzene ]]
| |
| *[[Benzyl chloride ]]
| |
| *[[Beryllium ]]
| |
| *[[Bicalutamide]]
| |
| *[[Bile duct cancer]]
| |
| *[[Bile duct paucity, non syndromic form ]]
| |
| *[[Bile plug syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Biliary atresia]]
| |
| *[[Biliary cirrhosis ]]
| |
| *[[Biliary colic]]
| |
| *[[Bipyridyl pesticides ]]
| |
| *[[Black nightshade poisoning ]]
| |
| *[[Boron ]]
| |
| *[[Breast cancer]]
| |
| *[[Breast feeding jaundice]]
| |
| *[[Breast milk jaundice ]]
| |
| *[[Bromazepam]]
| |
| *[[Loxoscelism|Brown Recluse spider bite ]]
| |
| *[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Buprenorphine]]
| |
| *[[Butyrophenones]]
| |
| *[[Byler Disease ]]
| |
| *[[Cadmium ]]
| |
| *[[Carbarsone ]]
| |
| *[[Carbolic Acids and Anhydrides ]]
| |
| *[[Carbon Disulfide ]]
| |
| *[[Carbon Tetrachloride ]]
| |
| *[[Caroli's Disease]]
| |
| *[[Cefaclor]]
| |
| *[[Cephalhematoma]]
| |
| *[[Cephalosporins]]
| |
| *[[Chediak-Higashi syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Chloramphenicol ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorate salts ]]
| |
| *[[Chlordane]]
| |
| *[[Chlorinated benzenes ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorinated naphthalene ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorodiphenyls and derivatives ]]
| |
| *[[Chloroform]]
| |
| *[[Chloromethane ]]
| |
| *[[Chloroprene ]]
| |
| *[[Chlorpropamide]]
| |
| *[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
| |
| *[[Cholangitis]]
| |
| *[[Choledochal cyst, hand malformation ]]
| |
| *[[Choledochal cysts]]
| |
| *[[Choledocholithiasis]]
| |
| *[[Cholestasis ]]
| |
| *[[Cholestasis -- pigmentary retinopathy -- cleft palate ]]
| |
| *[[Cholesteryl ester storage disease]]
| |
| *[[Chromium ]]
| |
| *[[Chronic cholecystitis]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Chronic Hepatitis ]]
| |
| *[[Cimetidine ]]
| |
| *[[Cirrhosis of liver ]]
| |
| *[[Clarithromycin]]
| |
| *[[Clavulanic acid]]
| |
| *[[Clindamycin]]
| |
| *[[Co-amoxiclav]]
| |
| *[[Colchicine ]]
| |
| *[[Colorectal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Comfrey ]]
| |
| *[[Congenital disorders of glycosylation]]
| |
| *[[Congenital TORCH infections]]
| |
| *[[Copper ]]
| |
| *[[Cresol ]]
| |
| *[[Crigler-Najjar syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Cycasin]]
| |
| *[[Cyclochlorotine ]]
| |
| *[[Cyclopropane ]]
| |
| *[[Cycloserine ]]
| |
| *[[Cytarabine ]]
| |
| *[[Cytomegalovirus]]
| |
| *[[Dantrolene ]]
| |
| *[[Dapsone]]
| |
| *[[Daptomycin]]
| |
| *[[Deal-Barratt-Dillon syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Deracoxib]]
| |
| *[[Diazepam]]
| |
| *[[Dibromochloropropane ]]
| |
| *[[Diethylene Glycol ]]
| |
| *[[Diflunisal ]]
| |
| *[[Dimethyl sulfate ]]
| |
| *[[Dimethylnitrosamine ]]
| |
| *[[Dinitrobenzene ]]
| |
| *[[Dinitrocresol ]]
| |
| *[[Dinitrophenol ]]
| |
| *[[Dinitrotoluene ]]
| |
| *[[Diphenoxylate and Atropine]]
| |
| *[[Disulfiram ]]
| |
| *[[Docetaxel]]
| |
| *[[Doxepine]]
| |
| *[[Dubin-Johnson syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Duloxetine]]
| |
| *[[Dydrogesterone]]
| |
| *[[Eclampsia ]]
| |
| *[[Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma]]
| |
| *[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis]]
| |
| *[[Erythromycin estolate ]]
| |
| *[[Erythromycin Ethyl succinate ]]
| |
| *[[Esophageal cancer]]
| |
| *[[Estrogen and Progestin]]
| |
| *[[Ethanolamines ]]
| |
| *[[Ethionamide ]]
| |
| *[[Ethyl Acetate ]]
| |
| *[[Ethyl alcohol ]]
| |
| *[[Ethyl benzene ]]
| |
| *[[Ethyl Ether ]]
| |
| *[[Ethyl Salicylate ]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene chlorohydrin ]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene Dibromide ]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene dichloride ]]
| |
| *[[Ethylene oxide ]]
| |
| *[[Ethylenediamine ]]
| |
| *[[Evans syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency, Dyserythropoietic Anemia, And Calvarial Hyperostosis ]]
| |
| *[[Familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis ]]
| |
| *[[Familial Selective Vitamin B12 Malabsorption ]]
| |
| *[[Fanconi-ichthyosis-dysmorphism ]]
| |
| *[[Fascioliasis ]]
| |
| *[[Favism ]]
| |
| *[[Fenoprofen ]]
| |
| *[[Flucloxacillin]]
| |
| *[[Framycetin]]
| |
| *[[Fructose intolerance]]
| |
| *[[Fusidic acid]]
| |
| *[[Galactosemia ]]
| |
| *[[Gallbladder cancer]]
| |
| *[[Gallstones ]]
| |
| *[[Germander ]]
| |
| *[[Germanium ]]
| |
| *[[Gestational diabetes]]
| |
| *[[Gilbert's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Glutaric aciduria ]]
| |
| *[[Gold ]]
| |
| *[[Goldstein-Hutt syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Graft-versus-host disease ]]
| |
| *[[Griscelli disease ]]
| |
| *[[Griseofulvin ]]
| |
| *[[Growth hormone deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Hafnium ]]
| |
| *[[Halothane ]]
| |
| *[[Hashimoto-Pritzker syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[HELLP syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Hemochromatosis ]]
| |
| *[[Hemoglobin C homozygous (CC) ]]
| |
| *[[Hemolytic anemia]]
| |
| *[[Hemolytic disease of the newborn]]
| |
| *[[Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis familial]]
| |
| *[[Hemosuccus pancreaticus]]
| |
| *[[Hepadnaviruses ]]
| |
| *[[Hepatic amyloidosis with intrahepatic cholestasis ]]
| |
| *[[Hepatic encephalopathy syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Blunt trauma|Hepatic trauma]]
| |
| *[[Hepatic veno-occlusive disease|Hepatic veno-occlusive disease with immunodeficiency ]]
| |
| *[[Hepatoma ]]
| |
| *[[Heptaosplenic T-cell Lymphoma ]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary elliptocytosis ]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary fructose intolerance]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary spherocytosis]]
| |
| *[[Hereditary xerocytosis]]
| |
| *[[Herpes]]
| |
| *[[Histoplasmosis]]
| |
| *[[HLH (Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis)]]
| |
| *[[Hodgkin's Disease ]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Horse nettle ]]
| |
| *[[Hycanthone ]]
| |
| *[[Hydrogen bromides ]]
| |
| *[[Hydrogen Cyanide ]]
| |
| *[[Hyperemesis gravidarum]]
| |
| *[[Hypopituitarism]]
| |
| *[[Hypothyroidism]]
| |
| *[[Ibuprofen ]]
| |
| *[[Icterogenin]]
| |
| *[[Idiopathic liver cirrhosis ]]
| |
| *[[Idoxuridine ]]
| |
| *[[Imerslund-Najman-Grasbeck Syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Imipramine]]
| |
| *[[Indomethacin ]]
| |
| *[[Indospicine]]
| |
| *[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
| |
| *[[Infective endocarditis ]]
| |
| *[[Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma ]]
| |
| *[[Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy]]
| |
| *[[Iron ]]
| |
| *[[Islet Cell adenoma]]
| |
| *[[Isoniazid ]]
| |
| *[[Isopropyl acetate ]]
| |
| *[[Itraconazole]]
| |
| *[[Kaposiform hemangio-endothelioma ]]
| |
| *[[Kawasaki disease ]]
| |
| *[[Kepone pesticides ]]
| |
| *[[Ketoconazole ]]
| |
| *[[Lábrea fever]]
| |
| *[[Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis ]]
| |
| *[[Lanthanides ]]
| |
| *[[Lead ]]
| |
| *[[Lissencephalic syndromes]]
| |
| *[[Liver cancer ]]
| |
| *[[Loprazolam]]
| |
| *[[Lorazepam]]
| |
| *[[Lormetazepam]]
| |
| *[[Lucey-Driscoll syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Lupus]]
| |
| *[[Lymphoma ]]
| |
| *[[Lymphoproliferative syndrome, EBV-Associated, Autosomal]]
| |
| *[[Malaria ]]
| |
| *[[Malignant boutonneuse fever]]
| |
| *[[Manganese deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Marburg virus]]
| |
| *[[Mepacrine ]]
| |
| *[[Mephenytoin ]]
| |
| *[[Mercaptans ]]
| |
| *[[Mercury ]]
| |
| *[[Mesothelioma]]
| |
| *[[Methimazole]]
| |
| *[[Methoxyflurane ]]
| |
| *[[Methyl acetate ]]
| |
| *[[Methyl Bromide ]]
| |
| *[[Methyl Chloride ]]
| |
| *[[Methyldopa]]
| |
| *[[Methylene chloride ]]
| |
| *[[Methylene Dianiline ]]
| |
| *[[Metolachlor]]
| |
| *[[Metronidazole ]]
| |
| *[[Minocycline]]
| |
| *[[Mirizzi's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Mirtazapine]]
| |
| *[[Molybdenum deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]]
| |
| *[[Monomethylhydrazine]]
| |
| *[[Mosse syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Myelofibrosis-osteosclerosis ]]
| |
| *[[N,N-Dimethylformamide ]]
| |
| *[[Nanukayami ]]
| |
| *[[Naphthalene]]
| |
| *[[Naphthol ]]
| |
| *[[Naproxen ]]
| |
| *[[N-butyl acetate ]]
| |
| *[[Adrenal hemorrhage|Neonatal adrenal hemorrhage]]
| |
| *[[Neonatal hepatitis ]]
| |
| *[[Neonatal jaundice|Neonatal physiological jaundice]]
| |
| *[[Neonatal sepsis ]]
| |
| *[[Neuroma biliary tract ]]
| |
| *[[Ngaione]]
| |
| *[[Nickel ]]
| |
| *[[Niemann-Pick disease ]]
| |
| *[[Niobium ]]
| |
| *[[NISCH syndrome ]]
| |
| *[[Nitriles ]]
| |
| *[[Nitrobenzene ]]
| |
| *[[Nitrofurantoin]]
| |
| *[[Nitromethane ]]
| |
| *[[Nitroparaffins ]]
| |
| *[[Nitrous Oxide ]]
| |
| *[[N-N-Dimethylacetamide ]]
| |
| *[[N-Nitrosodimethylamine ]]
| |
| *[[Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease]]
| |
| *[[Novobiocin ]]
| |
| *[[N-propyl acetate ]]
| |
| *[[Obliterative portal venopathy ]]
| |
| *[[Ochratoxin ]]
| |
| *[[Omphalitis]]
| |
| *[[Organic acidemia]]
| |
| *[[Oxycodone]]
| |
| *[[p-aminosalicylic acid ]]
| |
| *[[Pancreatic adenoma]]
| |
| *[[Pancreatic cancer]]
| |
| *[[Pancreatitis]]
| |
| *[[Pancreatoblastoma]]
| |
| *[[Papaverine]]
| |
| *[[Papillary stenosis]]
| |
| *[[Para-Dichlorobenzene ]]
| |
| *[[Paroxetine]]
| |
| *[[Peliosis hepatis]]
| |
| *[[Penicillin ]]
| |
| *[[Pernicious anemia]]
| |
| *[[Phenol ]]
| |
| *[[Phenothiazine]]
| |
| {{ColBreak}}
| |
| *[[Phenylbutazone ]]
| |
| *[[Phenytoin ]]
| |
| *[[Phosphine ]]
| |
| *[[Phosphorus]]
| |
| *[[Phthalic Anhydride ]]
| |
| *[[Picric Acid ]]
| |
| *[[Pneumonia]]
| |
| *[[Polybrominated biphenyls ]]
| |
| *[[Polychlorinated biphenyls ]]
| |
| *[[Polygonum multiflorum ]]
| |
| *[[Porphyria]]
| |
| *[[Portal hypertension]]
| |
| *[[Postoperative Jaundice]]
| |
| *[[Premature birth]]
| |
| *[[Primary biliary cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[Primary sclerosing cholangitis]]
| |
| *[[Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC) ]]
| |
| *[[Propylene dichloride ]]
| |
| *[[Pseudo-torch syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Psoralea Corylifolia ]]
| |
| *[[Pyridine ]]
| |
| *[[Pyrogallol ]]
| |
| *[[Pyrrolidizine]]
| |
| *[[Pyruvate kinase deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Q fever]]
| |
| *[[Quinidine-induced Immune Hemolytic Anemia]]
| |
| *[[Quinolone ]]
| |
| *[[Ragwort]]
| |
| *[[Ranitidine ]]
| |
| *[[Relapsing fever]]
| |
| *[[Reye's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Reynolds syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Rh deficiency syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Rh disease]]
| |
| *[[Rifampicin]]
| |
| *[[Rotor syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Rubratoxin ]]
| |
| *[[Safrole]]
| |
| *[[Salicylate ]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *[[Sarcoma botryoides of common bile duct]]
| |
| *[[Secondary Biliary Cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[Selenium deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Sepsis]]
| |
| *[[Sibutramine]]
| |
| *[[Sickle-cell disease]]
| |
| *[[Solanine]]
| |
| *[[Solder ]]
| |
| *[[Sotos syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Spectinomycin ]]
| |
| *[[Sterigmatocystin ]]
| |
| *[[Stibine ]]
| |
| *[[Sulindac ]]
| |
| *[[Sulphonamides]]
| |
| *[[Summerskill-Walshe-Tygstrup syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Syphilis]]
| |
| *[[Tamoxifen]]
| |
| *[[Tegaserod]]
| |
| *[[Telithromycin]]
| |
| *[[Tellurium]]
| |
| *[[Tetrachloroethane]]
| |
| *[[Tetrachloroethylene ]]
| |
| *[[Tetracycline ]]
| |
| *[[Tetramethylthiuram disulfide ]]
| |
| *[[Thalassemia]]
| |
| *[[Thallium]]
| |
| *[[Thiabendazole ]]
| |
| *[[Thioxanthene]]
| |
| *[[Thorium dioxide ]]
| |
| *[[Thorotrast ]]
| |
| *[[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]]
| |
| *[[Thyroid agenesis]]
| |
| *[[Toluene ]]
| |
| *[[Transfusion Reaction]]
| |
| *[[Trazodone]]
| |
| *[[Trichloroethylene ]]
| |
| *[[Trinitrotoluene ]]
| |
| *[[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| *[[Tyrosinemia]]
| |
| *[[Uranium ]]
| |
| *[[Valproic acid]]
| |
| *[[Vicia faba]]
| |
| *[[Vidarabine ]]
| |
| *[[Vinyl Chloride ]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis A]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis B]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis C]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis D]]
| |
| *[[Viral Hepatitis E]]
| |
| *[[Viral hepatitis X (non-A,-B,-C,-D,-E)]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin A overdose]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin B12 Deficiency]]
| |
| *[[Vitamin C ]]
| |
| *[[Weil's disease]]
| |
| *[[White Phosphorus ]]
| |
| *[[Wilson's Disease]]
| |
| *[[Wolman disease]]
| |
| *[[Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis]]
| |
| *[[Xanthomatous biliary cirrhosis]]
| |
| *[[X-linked alpha thalassemia mental retardation syndrome (ATR-X)]]
| |
| *[[X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome]]
| |
| *[[X-linked sideroblastic anaemia]]
| |
| *[[Xylene ]]
| |
| *[[Yellow fever]]
| |
| *[[Zellweger syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Zieve's syndrome]]
| |
| *[[Zoxazolamine ]]
| |
| {{EndMultiCol}}
| |
|
| |
|
| == Diagnosis == | | ==[[Jaundice pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| === Symptoms ===
| |
| Jaundice typically appears in a 'top to bottom' progression (starting with the face, progressing toward the feet), and resolves in a 'bottom to top' manner. It was once believed persons suffering from the medical condition jaundice saw everything as yellow, but this is not true. By extension, the jaundiced eye came to mean a prejudiced view, usually rather negative or critical. [[Alexander Pope]], in 'An Essay on Criticism' (1711), wrote: "All seems infected that the infected spy, As all looks yellow to the jaundiced eye." <ref name=eye>From "The Dictionary of Cliches" by James Rogers (Ballantine Books, New York, 1985).</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| The caregiver should ask questions regarding
| | ==[[Jaundice causes|Causes]]== |
| * Alcohol/hepatotoxic medication use
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Various Symptoms'''
| | ==[[Jaundice differential diagnosis|Differentiating Jaundice from other Conditions]]== |
| * '''Alcohol Hepatitis'''
| |
| *:* Aspartate aminotransferase:alanine aminotransferase ratio > 2 (AST:ALT)
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Fever|Fever]]
| |
| *:* [[Leukocytosis]]
| |
| * '''Viral Hepatitis'''
| |
| *:* [[Anorexia]]
| |
| *:* Dark urine
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Fatigue|Fatigue]]
| |
| *:* [[Hepatomegaly]]
| |
| *:* Light-colored (acholic) loss stools
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Nausea and Vomiting|Nausea]]
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Pruritis|Pruritis]]
| |
| *:* [[Abdominal pain|Right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain]]
| |
| *:* [[Nausea and Vomiting]]
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Physical Examination=== | | ==[[Jaundice epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| * Complete physical exam including evidence of:
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Hepatomegaly|Hepatomegaly]]
| |
| *:* [[Ddx:Splenomegaly|Splenomegaly]]
| |
| *:* Palpable gallbladder
| |
| *:* Signs of chronic liver disease
| |
| '''Appearance of the Patient'''
| |
| '''Skin'''
| |
| * Jaundice is visible in conjunctiva, skin and mucosa when the serum bilirubin level rises above 2 mg/dL
| |
| '''Eyes'''
| |
| * Jaundice is usually best seen in the periphery of the ocular conjunctivae
| |
| '''Abdomen'''
| |
| * Hepatomegaly may be present
| |
| '''Neurologic'''
| |
| * A flap may be present
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Laboratory Findings=== | | ==[[Jaundice risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| * Total and unconjugated bilirubin
| |
| * Aspartate aminotransferase
| |
| * Alanine aminotransferase
| |
| * Albumin
| |
| * Alkaline phosphatase
| |
| * HIV serologies
| |
| * Hepatitis serologies
| |
| * Antinuclear antibody (ANA)
| |
| * Antimitochondrial antibodies
| |
| * Haptoglobin
| |
| * Reticulocyte count
| |
| * Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH)
| |
|
| |
|
| ''''''Pre-hepatic'''''' -(or hemolytic) jaundice is caused by anything which causes an increased rate of [[hemolysis]] (breakdown of [[red blood cell]]s). In tropical countries, [[malaria]] can cause jaundice in this manner. Certain [[Genetic disorder|genetic diseases]], such as[[sickle cell anemia]] and [[glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] can lead to increased red cell lysis and therefore hemolytic jaundice. Commonly, diseases of the kidney, such as [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], can also lead to coloration. Defects in [[bilirubin metabolism]] also present as jaundice. Jaundice usually comes with high fevers.
| | ==[[Jaundice screening|Screening]]== |
|
| |
|
| The laboratory findings include
| | ==[[Jaundice natural history|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]== |
| * Urine: no bilirubin present, urobilirubin > 2 units (except in infants where [[gut flora]] has not developed).
| |
| * Serum: increased unconjugated bilirubin.
| |
|
| |
|
| | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Jaundice history & symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Jaundice physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Jaundice lab tests|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Jaundice chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Jaundice CT|CT]] | [[Jaundice MRI|MRI]] | [[Jaundice echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Jaundice other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Jaundice other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
|
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| ''''''Hepatic causes'''''' include acute [[hepatitis]], [[hepatotoxicity]] and [[alcoholic liver disease]], whereby cell necrosis reduces the liver's ability to metabolise and excrete [[bilirubin]] leading to a buildup in the blood. Less common causes include [[primary biliary cirrhosis]],[[Gilbert's syndrome]] (a genetic disorder of bilirubin metabolism which can result in mild jaundice, which is found in about 5% of the population) and [[metastasis|metastatic]] [[carcinoma]]. Jaundice seen in the newborn, known as neonatal jaundice, is common, occurring in almost every newborn as [[hepatic]] machinery for the conjugation and excretion of bilirubin does not fully mature until approximately two weeks of age..
| | == Treatment == |
| | | [[Jaundice medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Jaundice surgery|Surgery]] | [[Jaundice primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Jaundice secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Jaundice cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Jaundice future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| Laboratory Findings: Urine: bilirubin present, Urobilirubin > 2 units but variable (Except in children)
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| ''''''Post-hepatic'''''' (or obstructive) jaundice, also called [[cholestasis]], is caused by an interruption to the drainage of [[bile]] in the biliary system. The most common causes are [[gallstone]]s in the [[common bile duct]], and [[pancreatic cancer]] in the head of the [[pancreas]]. Also, a group of parasites known as "[[liver fluke]]s" live in the common bile duct, causing obstructive jaundice. Other causes include strictures of the common bile duct, [[biliary atresia]], [[ductal carcinoma]], [[pancreatitis]] and [[pancreatic pseudocyst]]s. A rare cause of obstructive jaundice is [[Mirizzi's syndrome]].
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| The presence of pale stools and dark urine suggests an obstructive or post-hepatic cause as normal feces get their color from [[bile pigment]]s.
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| Patients also can present with elevated serum cholesterol.
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| Patients often complain of severe itching or "pruritus".
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| === MRI and CT ===
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| * Abdominal CT scan may be helpful
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| === Echocardiography or Ultrasound ===
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| * Abdominal ultrasound
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| * Endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)
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| == Treatment == | | ==Case Studies== |
| * Discontinue (and avoid) use of hepatotoxic medications
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| * Rehydrate
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| * Treat underlying etiologies
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| === Acute Pharmacotherapies ===
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| * Steroids
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| ===Surgery and Device Based Therapy===
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| * Cholecystectomy or ERCP
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| | [[Jaundice case study one|Case #1]] |
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| ==See also== | | ==Related Chapters== |
| *[[Cholestasis]] | | *[[Cholestasis]] |
| | | *[[Bilirubin]] |
| ==References== | | ==References== |
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| {{Symptoms and signs}}
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| [[ar:يرقان]]
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| [[bs:Žutica]]
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| [[ca:Icterícia]]
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| [[cs:Žloutenka]]
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| [[da:Gulsot]]
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| [[de:Ikterus]]
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| [[es:Ictericia]]
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| [[eo:Iktero]]
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| [[fr:Ictère]]
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| [[it:Ittero]]
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| [[he:צהבת]]
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| [[la:Icterus]]
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| [[lt:Gelta]]
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| [[ml:മഞ്ഞപ്പിത്തം]]
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| [[ms:Demam kuning jaundis]]
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| [[nl:Geelzucht]]
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| [[ja:黄疸]]
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| [[no:Gulsott]]
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| [[nn:Gulsot]]
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| [[pl:Żółtaczka (medycyna)]]
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| [[pt:Icterícia]]
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| [[sk:Žltačka]]
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| [[sl:Zlatenica]]
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| [[fi:Keltaisuus]]
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| [[sv:Gulsot]]
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| [[te:పచ్చకామెర్లు]]
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| [[tr:Sarılık]]
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| [[zh:黄疸]]
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| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}} | | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
| | | <references /> |
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| [[Category:Disease]] | | [[Category:Disease]] |
| [[Category:Digestive system]]
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| [[Category:Gastroenterology]] | | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| [[Category:Hepatology]] | | [[Category:Hepatology]] |
| [[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
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| [[Category:Grammar]]
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