West nile virus infection case studies
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Michael Maddaleni, B.S.
Case 1 overview
The first case presented displays a rare complication associated with West Nile Virus. Commonly, West Nile Virus is associated with neuro-invasive disorders, but there is also a tendency for it to cause myocarditis[1]. It has become apparent that physicians need to be aware of the possible myocarditis complication because it can lead to a fatal arrhythmia. This particular case study involves a 65 year old man that initially presented with a virus that eventually suffered a fatal arrhythmia[1]. Lab tests and autopsies showed that this particular patient developed encephalitis and myocarditis secondary to West Nile virus infection[1].
Case 1 Presentation[1]
The patient was a 65 year old male of Scottish heritage. His clinical presentation showed:
His symptoms included:
His past medical history included:
- Diabetes
- Hypertension
- Former smoker
Upon arrival to the emergency department , the patients condition was relatively unremarkable. His electrocardiogram did in fact show a normal sinus rhythm at a rate of 83 beats/minute. The rest of this case is presented on a day by day basis.
Day 1
- Mild confusion and disorientation
- Blurred vision
- Fever of 103.4 degrees Fahrenheit
- The antibiotics being used at this point are:
- Ceftriaxone
- Vancomycin
- Antiviral acyclovir
Day 2
- Head CT showed chronic inflammatory changes.
- Lumbar puncture showed colorless cerebrospinal fluid
- The following tests were negative
- Bacterial and fungal
- Herpes simplex virus PCR of the cerebrospinal fluid
- Serum lyme antibodies
- Blood cultures
- Vancomycin was stopped. Acyclovir and ceftriaxone are continued.
- A transthoracic echocardiogram showed an ejection fraction of 50-55%.
Day 3
- On Day 3, the patient showed:
- [Lethargy]]
- Disorientation
- Fever of 104.5 degrees Fahrenheit
- Antimicrobials were continued as before
- Electroencephalogram showed abnormal moderate generalized background slowing. This was consistent with diffuse encephalopathy.
Day 4
- No new complaints
- Lethargy continued
- Approximately ten minutes after morning rounds notice no new complaints, the patient was found without a pulse and unresponsive
- Electrocardiogram displayed asystole
- The patient was not on continuous cardiac monitoring so there was not another EKG to compare the new one to.
- CPR was unsuccessful
The autopsy performed revealed positive tests for West Nile Virus. The cardiovascular examination also displayed results consistent with myocarditis. It is also important to note that the results dis not show any signs of pulmonary embolism or acute myocardial infarction.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Kushawaha A, Jadonath S, Mobarakai N (2009). "West nile virus myocarditis causing a fatal arrhythmia: a case report". Cases Journal. 2: 7147. doi:10.1186/1757-1626-2-7147. PMC 2740101. PMID 19829922. Retrieved 2012-03-27.