Vertebrobasilar insufficiency primary prevention
| Vertebrobasilar insufficiency
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Differentiating Vertebrobasilar insufficiency from other Diseases |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Because the most common cause leading to VBI is the atherosclerosis, the primary prevention of VBI is partly the same with the extracranial carotid atherosclerosis.
Besides to the treatment to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis,patients should also discuss with their physician other possible causes for their VBI symptoms. As discussed above, postural changes, exercise, and dehydrationare some of the likely culprits. Treatment usually involves lifestyle modifications. For example, if VBI is attributed mainly to postural changes, patients are advised to slowly rise to standing position after sitting for a long period of time. An appropriate exercise regimen for each patient can also be designed in order to avoid the excessive pooling of blood in the legs. Dehydrated patients are often advised to increase their water intake, especially in hot, dry climates. Finally, when applicable, patients are often advised to stop smoking and to control their hypertension, diabetes, and cholesterol level.
In the event that a patient suffers a “drop attack,” and especially for the elderly population, the most important action is to be evaluated for associated head or other injuries. To prevent drop attacks, patients are advised to “go to the ground” before the knees buckle and shortly after feeling dizzy or experiencing changes in vision. Patients should not be concerned about the social consequences of suddenly sitting on the floor, whether in the mall or sidewalk, as such actions are important in preventing seriousprevention injuries.
2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS Guideline on the Management of Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease (DO NOT EDIT)[1]
Management of Atherosclerotic Risk Factors in Patients with Vertebral Artery Disease (DO NOT EDIT)[1]
| Class I |
| "1. Medical therapy and lifestyle modification to reduce atherosclerotic risk are recommended in patients with vertebral atherosclerosis according to the standards recommended for those with extracranial carotid atherosclerosis[2][3]. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| "2. In the absence of contraindications, patients with atherosclerosis involving the vertebral arteries should receive[antiplatelet therapy with aspirin (75 to 325 mg daily) to prevent MI and other ischemic events[4][5]. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| "3. Antiplatelet drug therapy is recommended as part of the initial management for patients who sustain ischemic stroke or TIA associated with extracranial vertebral atherosclerosis. Aspirin (81 to 325 mg daily), the combination of aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole (25 and 200 mg twice daily, respectively), and clopidogrel (75 mg daily) are acceptable options. Selection of an antiplatelet regimen should be individualized on the basis of patient risk factor profiles, cost, tolerance, and other clinical characteristics, as well as guidance from regulatory agencies[6][4][7][8][9][10]. (Level of Evidence: B)" |
| Class IIa |
| "1. For patients with atherosclerosis of the extracranial vertebral arteries in whom aspirin is contraindicated by factors other than active bleeding, including those with allergy to aspirin, either clopidogrel (75 mg daily) or ticlopidine (250 mg twice daily) is a reasonable alternative. (Level of Evidence: C)" |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Brott TG, Halperin JL, Abbara S, Bacharach JM, Barr JD, Bush RL; et al. (2011). "2011 ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS guideline on the management of patients with extracranial carotid and vertebral artery disease: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines, and the American Stroke Association, American Association of Neuroscience Nurses, American Association of Neurological Surgeons, American College of Radiology, American Society of Neuroradiology, Congress of Neurological Surgeons, Society of Atherosclerosis Imaging and Prevention, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Interventional Radiology, Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery, Society for Vascular Medicine, and Society for Vascular Surgery". Circulation. 124 (4): 489–532. doi:10.1161/CIR.0b013e31820d8d78. PMID 21282505.
- ↑ "Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report". Circulation. 106 (25): 3143–421. 2002. PMID 12485966. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Ginsberg HN, Kris-Etherton P, Dennis B; et al. (1998). "Effects of reducing dietary saturated fatty acids on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in healthy subjects: the DELTA Study, protocol 1". Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 18 (3): 441–9. PMID 9514413. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients". BMJ. 324 (7329): 71–86. 2002. PMC 64503. PMID 11786451. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "Collaborative overview of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy--I: Prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke by prolonged antiplatelet therapy in various categories of patients. Antiplatelet Trialists' Collaboration". BMJ. 308 (6921): 81–106. 1994. PMC 2539220. PMID 8298418. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Adams RJ, Albers G, Alberts MJ; et al. (2008). "Update to the AHA/ASA recommendations for the prevention of stroke in patients with stroke and transient ischemic attack". Stroke. 39 (5): 1647–52. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.189063. PMID 18322260. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ "A randomised, blinded, trial of clopidogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). CAPRIE Steering Committee". Lancet. 348 (9038): 1329–39. 1996. PMID 8918275. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Diener HC, Bogousslavsky J, Brass LM; et al. (2004). "Aspirin and clopidogrel compared with clopidogrel alone after recent ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack in high-risk patients (MATCH): randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Lancet. 364 (9431): 331–7. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16721-4. PMID 15276392.
- ↑ Diener HC, Cunha L, Forbes C, Sivenius J, Smets P, Lowenthal A (1996). "European Stroke Prevention Study. 2. Dipyridamole and acetylsalicylic acid in the secondary prevention of stroke". J. Neurol. Sci. 143 (1–2): 1–13. PMID 8981292. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Sacco RL, Diener HC, Yusuf S; et al. (2008). "Aspirin and extended-release dipyridamole versus clopidogrel for recurrent stroke". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (12): 1238–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0805002. PMC 2714259. PMID 18753638. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)