Lymphangioma pathophysiology

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Badria Munir M.B.B.S.[2] Haytham Allaham, M.D. [3]

Overview

Lymphangioma arises from lymph vessels, which are normally involved in the re-circulation of excess body fluid back into the blood stream. The exact pathogenesis of lymphangioma is not fully understood. It is thought that lymphangioma is caused by either sequestration of lymph tissue, abnormal budding of lymph vessels, lack of fusion with the venous system, or obstruction of lymph vessels. Lymphangiomas most commonly develop at the head and neck regions. Lymphangioma is associated with a number of conditions that include Turner syndrome and Down syndrome. On gross pathology, characteristic findings of lymphangioma include a grey-white, well circumscribed, edematous mass with a variable size and consistency. On microscopic histopathological analysis, characteristic findings of lymphangioma include thin walled endothelial lining, intraluminal accumulation of eosinophilic deposits, and clusters of intraluminal lymphocytes.

Pathogenesis

  • Lymphangioma arises from lymph vessels, which are normally involved in the re-circulation of excess body fluid back into the blood stream.[1]
  • The exact mechanism of development of abnormal malformations is not known.
  • It is suggested that lymphangioma is formed as a result of one of four mechanisms:
  • The cisterns originally derive from primitive lymph sac, which fail to connect to normal circulation.
  • These are covered with thick muscular coat, which on contraction increase external pressure.
  • Ultimately leads to dilated sacs which are visible on skin as out-pouchings.[3]
  • Whimster's description is proved with radio-graphic evidence as well.[4]
    • Which showed large multilobulated cisterns extend deep in the dermis and laterally beyond the clinical lesions.
    • These deep lymphangiomas had no connections with the adjacent normal lymphatics.

Acquired lymphangiomas [6]

Acquired lymphangiomas arise as a consequence of any interruption of previously normal lymphatic drainage such as:[6] [7]

  • Surgery
  • Trauma
  • Infection
  • Malignancy
  • Radiation therapy

Genetics

Associated Conditions

  • Lymphangioma is associated with a number of conditions that include:[8]

Gross Pathology

  • On gross pathology, characteristic findings of lymphangioma include:[9]
  • Grey-white mass
  • Well circumscribed
  • Edematous appearance
  • Variable size (may be massive)
  • Filled with serous fluid
  • Smooth inner lining

Microscopic Pathology

Immunohistochemistry:

  • D2-40 +ve

Gallery

Image showing lymphangioma Source:Wikipedia
Image showing lymphangioma Source:Wikipedia


References

  1. Wiegand S, Eivazi B, Barth PJ, von Rautenfeld DB, Folz BJ, Mandic R, Werner JA (July 2008). "Pathogenesis of lymphangiomas". Virchows Arch. 453 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s00428-008-0611-z. PMID 18500536.
  2. Ersoy AO, Oztas E, Saridogan E, Ozler S, Danisman N (March 2016). "An Unusual Origin of Fetal Lymphangioma Filling Right Axilla". J Clin Diagn Res. 10 (3): QD09–11. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/18516.7513. PMC 4843338. PMID 27134953.
  3. Chang MB, Newman CC, Davis MD, Lehman JS (September 2016). "Acquired lymphangiectasia (lymphangioma circumscriptum) of the vulva: Clinicopathologic study of 11 patients from a single institution and 67 from the literature". Int. J. Dermatol. 55 (9): e482–7. doi:10.1111/ijd.13264. PMID 26967121.
  4. Levy AD, Cantisani V, Miettinen M (June 2004). "Abdominal lymphangiomas: imaging features with pathologic correlation". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182 (6): 1485–91. doi:10.2214/ajr.182.6.1821485. PMID 15149994.
  5. Ferrara N, Kerbel RS (December 2005). "Angiogenesis as a therapeutic target". Nature. 438 (7070): 967–74. doi:10.1038/nature04483. PMID 16355214.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Oliveti A, Biasi TB, Funchal G (2017). "Lymphangioma secondary to irradiation after mastectomy". An Bras Dermatol. 92 (3): 395–397. doi:10.1590/abd1806-4841.20173952. PMC 5514585. PMID 29186257. Vancouver style error: initials (help)
  7. Hwang J, Lee YK, Burm JS (March 2017). "Treatment of Tongue Lymphangioma with Intralesional Combination Injection of Steroid, Bleomycin and Bevacizumab". Arch Craniofac Surg. 18 (1): 54–58. doi:10.7181/acfs.2017.18.1.54. PMC 5556746. PMID 28913305.
  8. Evans, D. G. R.; Lonsdale, R. N.; Patton, M. A. (2008). "Cutaneous lymphangioma and amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia in Noonan syndrome". Clinical Genetics. 39 (3): 228–232. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0004.1991.tb03017.x. ISSN 0009-9163.
  9. Chotai N, Fok E, Chan P, Ho B (May 2018). "Axillary lymphangioma in an asymptomatic adult female". Breast J. 24 (3): 415–416. doi:10.1111/tbj.12915. PMID 28877380.
  10. Chotai N, Fok E, Chan P, Ho B (May 2018). "Axillary lymphangioma in an asymptomatic adult female". Breast J. 24 (3): 415–416. doi:10.1111/tbj.12915. PMID 28877380.


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