Hyperkalemia natural history, complications, and prognosis
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2] Jogeet Singh Sekhon
Overview
Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency. If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause cardiac rhythm disorders and eventually cardiac arrest leading to death. Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are arrhythmia, cardiac arrest, and neuromuscular weakness. The outcome with this condition varies. In some people, the disorder causes deadly complications, while others tolerate it well.
Natural History
- Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency
- If left untreated hyperkalemia can cause cardiac rhythm disorders and eventually cardiac arrest leading to death.[1][2]
Complications
- Complications that can develop as a result of hyperkalemia are [3][4]
- Arrhythmias
- Cardiac arrest
- Changes in nerve and muscle (neuromuscular) control resulting in weakness and fatigue
Prognosis
- The prognosis of hyperkalemia depends on the duration and the severity of hyperkalemia. The mortality rate of patients with hyperkalemia is 14%.[5][6]
- Hyperacute and severe hyperkalemia have poor prognosis and the mortality rate is very high as compared to mild, moderate, acute and chronic hyperkalemia
- Prognosis of mild, moderate, acute and chronic is generally good if detected in time and the cause corrected.
- The prognosis worsens as potassium levels increases.
References
- ↑ Conte G, Dal Canton A, Imperatore P, De Nicola L, Gigliotti G, Pisanti N; et al. (1990). "Acute increase in plasma osmolality as a cause of hyperkalemia in patients with renal failure". Kidney Int. 38 (2): 301–7. PMID 2402122.
- ↑ Singer M, Coluzzi F, O'Brien A, Clapp LH (2005). "Reversal of life-threatening, drug-related potassium-channel syndrome by glibenclamide". Lancet. 365 (9474): 1873–5. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66619-6. PMID 15924984.
- ↑ Kogika MM, de Morais HA (2017). "A Quick Reference on Hyperkalemia". Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 47 (2): 223–228. doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2016.10.009. PMID 27939860.
- ↑ Allon M (1995). "Hyperkalemia in end-stage renal disease: mechanisms and management". J Am Soc Nephrol. 6 (4): 1134–42. PMID 8589279.
- ↑ Montford JR, Linas S (2017). "How Dangerous Is Hyperkalemia?". J Am Soc Nephrol. 28 (11): 3155–3165. doi:10.1681/ASN.2016121344. PMC 5661285. PMID 28778861.
- ↑ Chakko SC, Frutchey J, Gheorghiade M (1989). "Life-threatening hyperkalemia in severe heart failure". Am Heart J. 117 (5): 1083–91. PMID 2711969.