Esthesioneuroblastoma surgery
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Simrat Sarai, M.D. [2]
Overview
Surgery followed by postoperative irradiation is the mainstay of treatment for esthesioneuroblastoma.[1]
Surgery
Treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma depends on the following features:
- Stage of the tumor
- Regional or distant metastatic disease.
- Surgery is best reserved for patients with small tumors located in the sinonasal cavity without involvement of the orbit or skull base.
- For more advanced tumors, the successful treatment includes surgery and radiation therapy with most of the institutions favoring delivery of postoperative, rather than preoperative, radiotherapy.
- Large and bulky tumors (T3 and T4) are treated with preoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by surgery.
- The optimal treatment of esthesioneuroblastoma includes complete surgical resection of the tumor followed by radiation therapy. However, some institutions have reported success with alternative treatment modalities, including surgery without radiation.
Single-modality therapy versus combined treatment
- Dulguerov’s 2001 meta-analysis showed lower recurrence rates for the combination of surgery and radiotherapy. The literature gives little support to single-modality treatments; only few studies have advocated either radiation or surgery alone.[1]
- Some institutions advocate surgery alone for Kadish stage A tumors, whereas the majority suggest adjuvant radiotherapy for these lesions.
Traditional Surgical Treatment
- The traditional surgical approach for esthesioneuroblastoma, is craniofacial resection (CFR).
- Craniofacial resection is a combined transcranial and transfacial approach, which includes a lateral rhinotomy or midfacial degloving and frontal craniotomy.
- The objective of this approach is to achieve an en bloc resection of tumor and involved structures. It also involves removal of the olfactory bulbs, cribriform plate, roof of the ethmoid sinuses, upper septum, medial maxillae, and as much of the anterior cranial fossa dura as necessary.
- The advent of craniofacial resection is credited with increase in overall survival for esthesioneuroblastoma patients. The postoperative morbidity (approximately 35%) and mortality (2-5%) with craniofacial resection is relatively high, although the complication rate associated with craniofacial resection has decreased over the last few decades.
Minimally Invasive Surgery For Esthesioneuroblastoma
- Although traditional craniofacial resection remains the gold standard, less invasive endoscopic techniques have become increasingly utilized.
- Minimally invasive endoscopic resection (MIER) is a complete endoscopic approach, most suited for tumors that have not invaded the brain tissue.
- Endoscopic-assisted cranionasal resection (EA-CNR) combines transnasal endoscopic approach with craniotomy and addresses large tumors that have invaded brain tissue.
- There are distinct advantages of EA-CNR and MIER over traditional CFR. Endoscopic techniques allow great access to anatomic areas where external approaches are notoriously known to fail, such as frontal recess and the sphenoid sinus region. The endoscope plays an important role in tumor surveillance, in the postoperative period. Finally, the endoscopic approach eliminates the need for disfiguring facial incisions. Endoscopic techniques have shown to have comparable success rates but fewer complications compared with traditional craniofacial resection.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Dulguerov P, Allal AS, Calcaterra TC (2001). "Esthesioneuroblastoma: a meta-analysis and review". Lancet Oncol. 2 (11): 683–90. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(01)00558-7. PMID 11902539.