Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis medical therapy

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aditya Govindavarjhulla, M.B.B.S. [2], Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [3], Guillermo Rodriguez Nava, M.D. [4], Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [5]

Overview

Empiric broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic, preferably with a third generation cephalosporin such as cefotaxime, is warranted for suspected or established spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP) to cover the most common isolates including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Oral ofloxacin may be considered in selected cases. Albumin should be reserved for patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm³ and clinical suspicion of SBP, who also have a serum creatinine >1 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen >30 mg/dL, or total bilirubin >4 mg/dL.

Empiric Therapy Adapted from AASLD Practice Guidelines: Management of Adult Patients with Ascites Due to Cirrhosis.

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis
Preferred Regimen
▸ Cefotaxime 2 g IV q8h (or 2 g IV q4h if life-threatening) OR ▸ Ticarcillin–Clavulanate 3.1 g IV q4–6h OR ▸ Piperacillin–Tazobactam 3.375 g IV q6h (or 4.5 g IV q8h) OR ▸ Ceftriaxone 1–2 g IV q12–24h OR ▸ Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h
For ESBL–producing Enterobacteriaceae, check susceptibility testing.
▸ Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h (1–hr infusion) OR ▸ Ertapenem 1 g IV q24h OR ▸ Imipenem–Cilastatin 0.5–1 g IV q6–8h OR ▸ Meropenem 1 g IV q8h OR ▸ Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h OR ▸ Levofloxacin 750 mg IV q24h OR ▸ Moxifloxacin 400 mg IV q24h

• Empiric antibiotic therapy should be administered to patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm³ in a clinical setting compatible with ascitic fluid infection or those who have convincing signs or symptoms of infection (fever, abdominal pain, or unexplained encephalopathy) regardless of the PMN count in the ascitic fluid.

• The 3 most common isolates from the ascitic fluid are Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Streptococcus pneumoniae.

• Relatively broad-spectrum therapy, preferably with cefotaxime, is warranted until the results of susceptibility testing are available.

• Infection with multiresistant organism including Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Enterococcus faecium is associated with an increased mortality. Risk factors for multiresistant infections include:

• Nosocomial origin of infection
• Long-term norfloxacin prophylaxis
• Recent infection with multiresistant bacteria
• Recent use of beta-lactams

• Oral ofloxacin may be used alternatively in selected cases such as patients without vomiting, shock, grade II (or higher) hepatic encephalopathy, or serum creatinine greater than 3 mg/dL.

Adjunctive Therapy

• Albumin infusion should be administered to cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in the following conditions:

• Serum creatinine> 1 mg/dL
• Blood urea nitrogen >30 mg/dL
• Total bilirubin >4 mg/dL

• Adjunctive intravenous albumin at a dose of 1.5 g/kg at the time of diagnosis, followed by 1 g/kg on day 3 is associated with a reduced incidence of renal impairment and death in comparison with treatment with an antibiotic alone.

• The use of non-selective beta blockers in cirrhotic patients with SBP should be discouraged since it is associated with an increased risk for hemodynamic compromise, prolonged hospitalization, hepatorenal syndrome, acute kidney injury.

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Guidelines

• Patients with ascites admitted to the hospital should undergo abdominal paracentesis. Paracentesis should be repeated in patients who develop signs or symptoms or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of infection.

• Oral ofloxacin can be considered a substitute for intravenous cefotaxime in inpatients without prior exposure to quinolones, vomiting, shock, grade II (or higher) hepatic encephalopathy, or serum creatinine greater than 3 mg/dL.

• Patients with ascitic fluid neutrophil counts less than 250 cells/mm3 and signs and symptoms of infection should also receive empiric antibiotic therapy while awaiting results of cultures.

• When the ascitic fluid of a patient with cirrhosis is found to have a neutrophil count greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3, and there is high suspicion of secondary peritonitis, it should also be tested for total protein, lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, Gram's stain, carcinoembryonic antigen, and alkaline phosphatase to assist with the distinction of SBP from secondary peritonitis.

• Patients with ascitic fluid neutrophil counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 and clinical suspicion of SBP who also have a serum creatinine greater than 1 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen greater than 30 mg/dL, or total bilirubin greater than 4 mg/dL should receive 1.5 g albumin per kg body weight within 6 hours of detection and 1.0 g/kg on day 3.

AASLD Recommendations for the Management of Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

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Patients with ascites admitted to the hospital should undergo abdominal paracentesis. Paracentesis should be repeated in patients (whether in the hospital or not) who develop signs or symptoms or laboratory abnormalities suggestive of infection (e.g., abdominal pain or tenderness, fever, encephalopathy, renal failure, acidosis, or peripheral leukocytosis). Patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 in a community-acquired setting in the absence of recent beta-lactam antibiotic exposure should receive empiric antibiotic therapy, e.g., an intravenous third-generation cephalosporin, preferably cefotaxime 2 g every 8 hours. Patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 in a nosocomial setting and/or in the presence of recent beta-lactam antibiotic exposure should receive empiric antibiotic therapy based on local susceptibility testing of bacteria in patients with cirrhosis. Oral ofloxacin (400 mg twice per day) can be considered a substitute for intravenous cefotaxime in inpatients without prior exposure to quinolones, vomiting, shock, grade II (or higher) hepatic encephalopathy, or serum creatinine greater than 3 mg/dL. Patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts less than 250 cells/mm3 and signs or symptoms of infection (temperature >100ºF or abdominal pain or tenderness) should also receive empiric antibiotic therapy, e.g., intravenous cefotaxime 2 g every 8 hours, while awaiting results of cultures. When the ascitic fluid of a patient with cirrhosis is found to have a PMN count greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 and there is high suspicion of secondary peritonitis, it should also be tested for protein, lactic dehydrogenase, glucose, Gram’s stain, carcinoembryonic antigen, and alkaline phosphatase to assist with the distinction of SBP from secondary peritonitis. Computed tomographic scanning should also be performed. Patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 in a nosocomial setting and/or in the presence of recent beta-lactam antibiotic exposure and/or culture an atypical organism(s) or have an atypical clinical response to treatment, should undergo a follow-up paracentesis after 48 hrs of treatment to assess the response in PMN count and culture. Patients with ascitic fluid PMN counts greater than or equal to 250 cells/mm3 and clinical suspicion of SBP, who also have a serum creatinine >1 mg/dL, blood urea nitrogen >30 mg/dL, or total bilirubin >4 mg/dL should receive 1.5 g albumin per kg body weight within 6 hours of detection and 1.0 g/kg on day 3.

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