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__NOTOC__
{{Infobox_Disease
{{Infobox_Disease
  | Name          = Psoriasis  
  | Name          = Psoriasis  
  | Image          = Psoriasis_on_back.jpg  
  | Image          = Psoriasis_on_back.jpg  
  | Caption        = A young man whose back and arms are affected by psoriasis.
  | Caption        = A young man whose back and arms are affected by psoriasis, source: wikipedia.org
| DiseasesDB    = 10895
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|L|40||l|40}}
| ICD9          = {{ICD9|696}}
| ICDO          =
| OMIM          = 177900
| MedlinePlus    = 000434
| eMedicineSubj  = emerg
| eMedicineTopic = 489
| eMedicine_mult = Dermatology:{{eMedicine2|derm|365}}&nbsp;plaque<br>{{eMedicine2|derm|361}} guttate<br>{{eMedicine2|derm|363}} nails<br> {{eMedicine2|derm|366}} pustular<br>Arthritis {{eMedicine2|derm|918}}<br>Radiology {{eMedicine2|radio|578}}<br>Physical Medicine {{eMedicine2|pmr|120}}
| MeshID        = D011565
}}
}}
{{SI}}
{{Psoriasis}}
{{CMG}}
__NOTOC__
'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}


{{Editor Help}}
'''For patient information, click [[Psoriasis (patient information)|here]]'''


== Overview ==
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{HK}}, {{CZ}}, {{KS}}


'''Psoriasis''' ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA pronunciation]]: {{IPA|[sə'raj.əsɪs]}}) is a disease which affects the [[skin]] and [[joint]]s.  It commonly causes red scaly patches to appear on the skin. The scaly patches caused by psoriasis, called psoriatic plaques, are areas of [[inflammation]] and excessive skin production. Skin rapidly accumulates at these sites and takes a silvery-white appearance. Plaques frequently occur on the skin of the [[Elbow-joint|elbows]] and [[knee]]s, but can affect any area including the [[scalp]] and [[sex organ|genitals]]. Psoriasis  is hypothesized to be [[immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated]]<ref name=Hunziker>Hunziker T, Schmidli J. Psoriasis, an autoimmune disease? ''Ther Umsch''. 1993 Feb;50(2):110-3. PMID 8456414</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author=Griffiths CE, Voorhees JJ.| title=Psoriasis, T cells and autoimmunity| journal=J R Soc Med.| volume=89 | issue=6| year=1996 | pages=315-9 | pmid=8758188 }}</ref> and is not contagious.
{{SK}} pustular psoriasis; inverse psoriasis; guttate psoriasis; plaque-type psoriasis; generalized pustular psoriasis; erythrodermic psoriasis; flexural psoriasis; nail psoriasis; drug-induced psoriasis; seborrheic-like psoriasis; soriasis; unstable psoriasis; psoriasis annularis; psoriasis inveterata; plaque psoriasis; drug induced psoriasis; eczematized psoriasis; cutaneous psoriasis; psoriasis wikidoc; psoriatic lesions


The [[disease|disorder]] is a [[chronic (medicine)|chronic]] recurring condition which varies in severity from minor localized patches to complete body coverage. [[Nail (anatomy)|Fingernails]] and toenails are frequently affected (psoriatic nail dystrophy). Psoriasis can also cause inflammation of the joints, which is known as [[psoriatic arthritis]]. 10-15% of people with psoriasis have psoriatic arthritis.


==Etiology==
==[[Psoriasis overview|Overview]]==


The cause of psoriasis is not known, but it is believed to have a [[genetics|genetic]] component.  Several factors are thought to aggravate psoriasis. These include [[stress (medicine)|stress]], excessive alcohol consumption, and [[Tobacco smoking|smoking]]. Individuals with psoriasis may suffer from [[clinical depression|depression]] and loss of [[self-esteem]]. As such, quality of life is an important factor in evaluating the severity of the disease. There are many treatments available but because of its chronic recurrent nature psoriasis is a challenge to treat.
==[[Psoriasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==


==History==
==[[Psoriasis classification|Classification]]==
Psoriasis is probably one of the longest known illnesses of humans and simultaneously one of the most misunderstood. Some scholars believe psoriasis to have been included among the skin conditions called tzaraat in the Bible.<ref name=Shai>{{cite journal |author=Shai A, Vardy D, Zvulunov A |title=[Psoriasis, biblical afflictions and patients' dignity] |language=Hebrew |journal=Harefuah |volume=141 |issue=5 |pages=479-82, 496 |year=2002 |pmid=12073533 |doi=}}</ref> In more recent times psoriasis was frequently described as a variety of [[leprosy]]. The Greeks used the term lepra (λεπρα) for scaly skin conditions. They used term psora to describe itchy skin conditions. It became known as ''Willan's lepra'' in the late 18th century when English [[dermatologist]]s [[Robert Willan]] and Thomas Bateman differentiated it from other skin diseases. They assigned names to the condition based on the appearance of lesions. Willan identified two categories: ''leprosa graecorum'' and ''psora leprosa''.


While it may have been visually, and later semantically, confused with [[leprosy]] it was not until 1841 that the condition was finally given the name ''psoriasis'' by the Viennese dermatologist [[Ferdinand Ritter von Hebra|Ferdinand von Hebra]]. The name is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word ''psora'' which means ''to itch''.<!--
==[[Psoriasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
  --><ref name=Glickman>{{cite journal |author=Glickman FS |title=Lepra, psora, psoriasis |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=14 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=863-6 |year=1986 |pmid=3519699 |doi=}}</ref>


It was during the 20th century that psoriasis was further differentiated into specific types.
==[[Psoriasis causes|Causes]]==


==Clinical classification==
==[[Differentiating psoriasis from other diseases|Differentiating Psoriasis from other Diseases]]==
Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing disease of the skin, which may be classified into nonpustular and [[pustule|pustular]] types as follows<ref name="Fitz2">Freedberg, et. al. (2003). ''Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine''. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071380760.</ref>{{rp|414}}:


*Nonpustular psoriasis
==[[Psoriasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
**[[Psoriasis vulgaris]] (Chronic stationary psoriasis, Plaque-like psoriasis)
**[[Psoriatic erythroderma]] (Erythrodermic psoriasis)
*Pustular psoriasis
**[[Generalized pustular psoriasis]] (Pustular psoriasis of von Zumbusch)
**[[Pustulosis palmaris et plantaris]] (Persistent palmoplantar pustulosis, Pustular psoriasis of the Barber type, Pustular psoriasis of the extremities)
**[[Annular pustular psoriasis]]
**[[Acrodermatitis continua]]
**[[Impetigo herpetiformis]]


Additional types of psoriasis include<ref name="Andrews">James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). ''Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology''. (10th ed.). Saunders. ISBN 0721629210.</ref>{{rp|191-197}}:
==[[Psoriasis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
*[[Drug-induced psoriasis]]
*[[Inverse psoriasis]]
*[[Napkin psoriasis]]
*[[Seborrheic-like psoriasis]]


==Diagnosis==
==[[Psoriasis Screening|Screening]]==
A [[diagnosis]] of psoriasis is usually based on the appearance of the skin. There are no special blood tests or diagnostic procedures for psoriasis. Sometimes a skin [[biopsy]], or scraping, may be needed to rule out other disorders and to confirm the diagnosis. Skin from a biopsy will show clubbed Rete pegs if positive for psoriasis.


=== Physical Examination ===
==[[Psoriasis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
====Skin====
[[Image:Psoriasis (uv light, steroids, keratolytics).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Psoriasis (uv light, steroids, keratolytics)<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages/</ref>]]


=== Types of Psoriasis === 
==Diagnosis==
The symptoms of psoriasis can manifest in a variety of forms. Variants include plaque, pustular, guttate and flexural psoriasis. This section describes each type (with [[ICD|ICD-10]] code [http://web.ilds.org/icd10_list.php?VIEW=1&START_CODE=L40.0&START_EXT=00]).<ref>[http://web.ilds.org/icd10_list.php?VIEW=1&START_CODE=L40.0&START_EXT=00 "Application to dermatology of International Classification of Disease (ICD-10) - ICD sorted by code: L40.000 - L41.000"], The International League of Dermatological Societies</ref>
[[Psoriasis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Psoriasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Psoriasis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Psoriasis X-ray|X-Ray Findings]] | [[Psoriasis CT scan|CT-Scan Findings]] | [[Psoriasis MRI|MRI Findings]] | [[Psoriasis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | [[Psoriasis Other Imaging Studies|Other Imaging Findings]]
 
'''Plaque psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris) (L40.0)''' is the most common form of psoriasis. It affects 80 to 90% of people with psoriasis. Plaque psoriasis typically appears as raised areas of inflamed skin covered with silvery white scaly skin. These areas are called plaques.
 
'''Flexural psoriasis (inverse psoriasis) (L40.83-4)''' appears as smooth inflamed patches of skin. It occurs in [[skin fold]]s, particularly around the genitals (between the thigh and groin), the armpits, under an overweight stomach ([[pannus]]), and under the [[breasts]] ([[inframammary fold]]). It is aggravated by friction and sweat, and is vulnerable to fungal infections.
 
'''Guttate psoriasis (L40.4)''' is characterized by numerous small oval (teardrop-shaped) spots. These numerous spots of psoriasis appear over large areas of the body, such as the trunk, limbs, and [[scalp]]. Guttate psoriasis is associated with [[Strep throat|streptococcal throat]] infection.
 
'''Pustular psoriasis (L40.1-3, L40.82)''' appears as raised bumps that are filled with non-infectious pus (pustules). The skin under and surrounding pustules is red and tender. Pustular psoriasis can be localised, commonly to the hands and feet (palmoplantar pustulosis), or generalised with widespread patches occurring randomly on any part of the body.
 
'''Nail psoriasis (L40.86)''' produces a variety of changes in the appearance of finger and toe nails. These changes include discolouring under the nail plate, pitting of the nails, lines going across the nails, thickening of the skin under the nail, and the loosening (onycholysis) and crumbling of the nail.
 
'''[[Psoriatic arthritis]] (L40.5)''' involves joint and [[connective tissue]] [[inflammation]]. Psoriatic arthritis can affect any joint but is most common in the joints of the fingers and toes. This can result in a sausage-shaped swelling of the fingers and toes known as [[dactylitis]]. Psoriatic arthritis can also affect the hips, knees and spine ([[spondylitis]]). About 10-15% of people who have psoriasis also have psoriatic arthritis.
 
'''Erythrodermic psoriasis (L40.85)''' involves the widespread inflammation and exfoliation of the skin over most of the body surface. It may be accompanied by severe itching, swelling and pain. It is often the result of an exacerbation of unstable plaque psoriasis, particularly following the abrupt withdrawal of systemic treatment. This form of psoriasis can be fatal, as the extreme inflammation and exfoliation disrupt the body's ability to regulate temperature and for the skin to perform barrier functions.
 
<div align="left">
<gallery heights="175" widths="175">
Image:Psoriasis.jpg|Photograph of an arm covered with plaque psoriasis.
Image:Psoriasis nail pitting.jpg|Psoriasis nail pitting<ref>http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages/</ref>
</gallery>
</div>
 
==Severity==
[[Image:Psoriasis severity.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Pie chart showing the distribution of severity among people with psoriasis.]]
Psoriasis is usually graded as mild (affecting less than 3% of the body), moderate (affecting 3-10% of the body) or severe. Several scales exist for measuring the severity of psoriasis. The degree of severity is generally based on the following factors: the proportion of body surface area affected; disease activity (degree of plaque redness, thickness and scaling); response to previous therapies; and the impact of the disease on the person.
 
The Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) is the most widely used measurement tool for psoriasis. PASI combines the assessment of the severity of lesions and the area affected into a single score in the range 0 (no disease) to 72 (maximal disease).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.skinandaging.com/article/5394 |title=Psoriasis Update -Skin & Aging |accessdate=2007-07-28 |format= |work=}}</ref> Nevertheless, the PASI can be too unwieldy to use outside of trials, which has led to attempts to simplify the index for clinical use.<ref name="pmid15530297">{{cite journal |author=Louden BA, Pearce DJ, Lang W, Feldman SR |title=A Simplified Psoriasis Area Severity Index (SPASI) for rating psoriasis severity in clinic patients |journal=Dermatol. Online J. |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=7 |year=2004 |pmid=15530297 |doi=}}</ref>
 
==Effect on the quality of life==
Psoriasis has been shown to affect health-related quality of life to an extent similar to the effects of other chronic diseases such as [[clinical depression|depression]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[hypertension]], [[congestive heart failure]] or [[type 2 diabetes]]. Depending on the severity and location of outbreaks, individuals may experience significant physical discomfort and some disability. Itching and pain can interfere with basic functions, such as self-care, [[walking]], and [[sleep]]. Plaques on [[hands]] and [[foot|feet]] can prevent individuals from working at certain occupations, playing some sports, and caring for family members or a home. The frequency of medical care is costly and can interfere with an employment or school schedule. 
 
Individuals with psoriasis may also feel self-conscious about their appearance and have a poor self-image that stems from fear of public rejection and psychosexual concerns. Psychological distress can lead to significant [[clinical depression|depression]] and [[social isolation]].
 
==Epidemiology==
Psoriasis affects both [[sex]]es equally and can occur at any [[ageing|age]], although it most commonly appears for the first time between the ages of 15 and 25 years.
 
The [[prevalence]] of psoriasis in Western populations is estimated to be around 2-3%. A [[statistical survey|survey]] [http://www.psoriasis.org/files/pdfs/press/npfsurvey.pdf] conducted by the National Psoriasis Foundation (a [[United States|US]] based psoriasis education and advocacy group, which is partly funded by [[pharmaceutical company|pharmaceutical companies]]) found a prevalence of 2.1% among [[adult]] [[United States|Americans]]. The study also found that 35% of people with psoriasis could be classified as having moderate to severe psoriasis.
 
Around one-third of people with psoriasis report a [[family history (medicine)|family history]] of the disease, and researchers have identified genetic [[locus (genetics)|loci]] associated with the condition. Studies of [[twin|monozygotic twins]] suggest a 70% chance of a twin developing psoriasis if the other twin has psoriasis. The [[concordance (genetics)|concordance]] is around 20% for [[twin|dizygotic twins]]. These findings suggest both a genetic predisposition and an environmental response in developing psoriasis.<!--
  --><ref name=Krueger>{{cite journal |author=Krueger G, Ellis CN |title=Psoriasis--recent advances in understanding its pathogenesis and treatment |journal=J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. |volume=53 |issue=1 Suppl 1 |pages=S94-100 |year=2005 |pmid=15968269 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2005.04.035}}</ref>
 
Onset before age 40 usually indicates a greater genetic susceptibility and a more severe or recurrent course of psoriasis.
 
==Cause==
 
The cause of psoriasis is not fully understood. There are two main hypotheses about the process that occurs in the development of the disease. The first considers psoriasis as primarily a disorder of excessive growth and reproduction of skin cells. The problem is simply seen as a fault of the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] and its [[keratinocytes]]. The second hypothesis sees the disease as being an [[immune-mediated disease|immune-mediated disorder]] in which the excessive reproduction of skin cells is secondary to factors produced by the [[immune system]]. [[T cell]]s (which normally help protect the body against infection) become active, migrate to the [[dermis]] and trigger the release of [[cytokines]] ([[tumor necrosis factor-alpha]] TNFα, in particular) which cause inflammation and the rapid production of skin cells. It is not known what initiates the activation of the T cells.
 
The immune-mediated model of psoriasis has been supported by the observation that [[immunosuppressant]] medications can clear psoriasis plaques. However, the role of the immune system is not fully understood, and it has recently been reported that an [[animal model]] of psoriasis can be triggered in mice lacking T cells.<!--
  --><ref name=Zenz>{{cite journal |author=Zenz R, Eferl R, Kenner L, ''et al'' |title=Psoriasis-like skin disease and arthritis caused by inducible epidermal deletion of Jun proteins |journal=Nature |volume=437 |issue=7057 |pages=369–75 |year=2005 |pmid=16163348 |doi=10.1038/nature03963}}</ref> [[Animal model]]s, however, reveal only a few aspects resembling human psoriasis.
 
Psoriasis is a fairly [[idiosyncratic]] disease. The majority of people's experience of psoriasis is one in which it may worsen or improve for no apparent reason. Studies of the factors associated with psoriasis tend to be based on small (usually hospital based) samples of individuals. These studies tend to suffer from representative issues, and an inability to tease out [[causal]] associations in the face of other (possibly unknown) intervening factors. Conflicting findings are often reported. Nevertheless, the first outbreak is sometimes reported following [[stress (medicine)|stress]] (physical and mental), skin injury, and [[streptococcal infection]].  Conditions that have been reported as accompanying a worsening of the disease include infections, stress, and changes in season and [[climate]]. Certain medicines, including [[lithium salt]] and [[beta blocker]]s, have been reported to trigger or aggravate the disease. Excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and obesity may exacerbate psoriasis or make the management of the condition difficult.<ref>[http://www.skincarephysicians.com/psoriasisnet/triggers.html] Psoriasis Triggers at Psoriasis Net. SkinCarePhysicians.com 9-28-05. American Academy of Dermatology, 2008.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Behnam SM, Behnam SE, Koo JY |title=Smoking and psoriasis |journal=Skinmed |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=174–6 |year=2005 |pmid=15891254 |doi= |url=http://www.lejacq.com/articleDetail.cfm?pid=SKINmed_4;3:174}}</ref>
 
Individuals suffering from the advanced effects of the [[HIV|Human immunodeficiency virus]], or HIV, often exhibit psoriasis.<ref>[http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/556533][http://dermatology.cdlib.org/132/reviews/HIV/fife.html] Fife, Jeffes, Koo, Waller. Unraveling the Paradoxes of HIV-associated Psoriasis: A Review of T-cell Subsets and Cytokine Profiles. 5-18-07. Retrieved 5-13-08.</ref> This presents a paradox to researchers as traditional therapies that reduce [[T-cell]] counts generally cause psoriasis to improve. Yet, as CD4-T-cell counts decrease with the progression of HIV, psoriasis worsens.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ortonne JP, Lebwohl M, Em Griffiths C |title=Alefacept-induced decreases in circulating blood lymphocyte counts correlate with clinical response in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis |journal=Eur J Dermatol |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=117–23 |year=2003 |pmid=12695125 |doi= |url=http://www.john-libbey-eurotext.fr/medline.md?issn=1167-1122&vol=13&iss=2&page=117}}</ref> In addition, HIV is typically characterized by a strong [[T helper cell|Th2]] [[cytokine]] profile, whereas psoriasis vulgaris is characterized by a strong [[T helper cell|Th1]] secretion pattern.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Austin LM, Ozawa M, Kikuchi T, Walters IB, Krueger JG |title=The majority of epidermal T cells in Psoriasis vulgaris lesions can produce type 1 cytokines, interferon-gamma, interleukin-2, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, defining TC1 (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) and TH1 effector populations: a type 1 differentiation bias is also measured in circulating blood T cells in psoriatic patients |journal=J. Invest. Dermatol. |volume=113 |issue=5 |pages=752–9 |year=1999 |month=November |pmid=10571730 |doi=10.1046/j.1523-1747.1999.00749.x |url=}}</ref> It's hypothesized that the diminished CD4-T-Cell presence causes an over-activation of CD8-T-Cells, which are responsible for the exacerbation of psoriasis in HIV positive patients. It is important to remember that most individuals with psoriasis are otherwise healthy and the presence of HIV accounts for less than 1% of cases. The prevalence of psoriasis in the HIV positive population ranges from 1 to 6 percent, which is about 3 times higher than the normal population.<ref>[http://www.nsc.gov.sg/cgi-bin/WB_ContentGen.pl?id=401&gid=83]  A Case Report of Severe Psoriasis in a Patient with AIDS: The Role of the HIV Virus and the Therapeutic Challenges Involved. Vol: 13 No 2, 2002. National Skin Center. Retrieved 05-13-08.</ref>
[[Image:Psoriasis treatment ladder.svg|thumb|350px|right|Schematic of psoriasis treatment ladder]]
Psoriasis occurs more likely in dry skin than oily or well-moisturized skin, and specifically after an external skin injury such as a scratch or cut. This is believed to be caused by an infection, in which the infecting organism thrives under dry skin conditions with minimal skin oil, which otherwise protects skin from infections. The case for psoriasis is opposite to the case of [[athlete's foot]], which occurs because of a fungus infection under wet conditions as opposed to dry in psoriasis. This infection induces inflammation, which causes the symptoms commonly associated with psoriasis, such as itching and rapid skin turnover, and leads to drier skin as the infecting organism absorbs the moisture that would otherwise go to the skin. To prevent dry skin and reduce psoriasis symptoms, it is advised to not use shower scrubs, as they not only damage skin by leaving tiny scratches, they also scrape off the naturally occurring skin oil. Additionally, moisturizers can be applied to moisturize the skin, and lotions used to promote skin oil gland functions.


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
There can be substantial variation between individuals in the effectiveness of specific psoriasis treatments. Because of this, [[Dermatology|dermatologists]] often use a trial-and-error approach to finding the most appropriate treatment for their patient. The decision to employ a particular treatment is based on the type of psoriasis, its location, extent and severity. The patient’s age, gender, quality of life, comorbidities, and attitude toward risks associated with the treatment are also taken into consideration. 
[[Psoriasis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Psoriasis Surgery|Surgery]] | [[Psoriasis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Psoriasis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Psoriasis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Psoriasis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | [[Psoriasis social impact|Social Impact]]
 
Medications with the least potential for adverse reactions are preferentially employed. If the treatment goal is not achieved then therapies with greater potential [[toxicity]] may be used. Medications with significant toxicity are reserved for severe unresponsive psoriasis. This is called the psoriasis treatment ladder.<!--
  --><ref name=Lofholm>{{cite journal |author=Lofholm PW |title=The psoriasis treatment ladder: a clinical overview for pharmacists. |journal=US Pharm |year=2000 |volume=25 |issue=5 |pages=26-47 |url=http://www.uspharmacist.com/oldformat.asp?url=newlook/files/Feat/apr00pro.cfm&pub_id=8&article_id=511}}</ref> As a first step, medicated [[ointment]]s or creams are applied to the skin. This is called topical treatment. If topical treatment fails to achieve the desired goal then the next step would be to expose the skin to [[ultraviolet]] (UV) radiation. This type of treatment is called phototherapy. The third step involves the use of medications which are taken internally by pill or [[Injection (medicine)|injection]]. This approach is called systemic treatment.
 
Over time, psoriasis can become resistant to a specific therapy.  Treatments may be periodically changed to prevent resistance developing ([[tachyphylaxis]]) and to reduce the chance of adverse reactions occurring. This is called treatment rotation.
 
===Topical treatment===
Bath solutions and [[moisturizer]]s help sooth affected skin and reduce the dryness which accompanies the build-up of skin on psoriatic plaques. Medicated creams and ointments applied directly to psoriatic plaques can help reduce inflammation, remove built-up scale, reduce skin turn over, and clear affected skin of plaques. Ointment and creams containing [[coal tar]] (no longer available on prescription in the UK)  , [[dithranol]] (anthralin), [[corticosteroid]]s, [[vitamin D]]<sub>3</sub> analogues (for example, [[calcipotriol]]), and [[retinoid]]s are routinely used. The [[mechanism of action]] of each is probably different but they all help to normalise skin cell production and reduce inflammation. Activated vitamin D and its analogues are highly effective inhibitors of skin cell proliferation.
 
The disadvantages of topical agents are variably that they can often irritate normal skin, can be time consuming and awkward to apply, cannot be used for long periods, can stain clothing or have a strong odour. As a result, it is sometimes difficult for people to maintain the regular application of these medications. Abrupt withdrawal of some topical agents, particularly corticosteroids, can cause an aggressive recurrence of the condition. This is known as a rebound of the condition.
 
Some topical agents are used in conjunction with other therapies, especially phototherapy.
 
===Phototherapy===
It has long been recognized that daily, short, non-burning exposure to sunlight helped to clear or improve psoriasis. [[Niels Ryberg Finsen|Niels Finsen]] was the first [[physician]] to investigate the therapeutic effects of sunlight scientifically and to use sunlight in clinical practice. This became known as phototherapy.
 
Sunlight contains many different wavelengths of light. It was during the early part of the 20th century that it was recognised that for psoriasis the therapeutic property of sunlight was due to the wavelengths classified as [[ultraviolet|ultraviolet (UV)]] light.
 
Ultraviolet wavelengths are subdivided into UVA (380–315 nm) UVB (315–280 nm), and UVC (< 280 nm). Ultraviolet B (UVB) (315–280 nm) is absorbed by the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] and has a beneficial effect on psoriasis. Narrowband UVB (311 to 312 nm), is that part of the UVB spectrum that is most helpful for psoriasis. Exposure to UVB several times per week, over several weeks can help people attain a remission from psoriasis.
 
Ultraviolet light treatment is frequently combined with topical (coal tar, calcipotriol) or systemic treatment (retinoids) as there is a synergy in their combination. The Ingram regime, involves UVB and the application of anthralin paste. The Goeckerman regime combines coal tar ointment with UVB.
 
===Photochemotherapy===
[[Psoralen]] and ultraviolet A phototherapy ([[PUVA]]) combines the oral or topical administration of psoralen with exposure to ultraviolet A (UVA) light. Precisely how PUVA works is not known. The [[mechanism of action]] probably involves activation of psoralen by UVA light which inhibits the abnormally rapid production of the cells in psoriatic skin.  There are multiple mechanisms of action associated with PUVA, including effects on the skin immune system.
 
Dark glasses must be worn during PUVA treatment because there is a risk of [[cataracts]] developing from exposure to ultraviolet A light. PUVA is associated with [[nausea]], [[headache]], [[Fatigue (physical)|fatigue]], burning, and itching. Long-term treatment is associated with [[Squamous cell carcinoma|squamous-cell]] and [[melanoma]] [[skin cancer]]s.
 
===Systemic treatment===
Psoriasis which is resistant to [[topical|topical treatment]] and [[light therapy|phototherapy]] is treated by [[medication]]s that are taken internally by pill or [[Injection (medicine)|injection]]. This is called systemic treatment. Patients undergoing systemic treatment are required to have regular [[Blood test|blood]] and [[liver function tests]] because of the [[toxicity]] of the [[medication]]. [[Pregnancy]] must be avoided for the majority of these treatments. Most people experience a recurrence of psoriasis after systemic treatment is discontinued.
 
The three main traditional systemic treatments are the [[immunosuppressive drug|immunosupressant]] drugs [[methotrexate]] and [[cyclosporine]], and retinoids, which are synthetic forms of [[vitamin A]]. Other additional drugs, not specifically licensed for psoriasis, have been found to be effective. These include the [[antimetabolite]] [[tioguanine]], the [[cytotoxic]] agent [[hydroxyurea]], [[sulfasalazine]], the [[immunosuppressive drug|immunosupressants]] [[mycophenolate mofetil]], [[azathioprine]] and oral [[tacrolimus]]. These have all been used effectively to treat psoriasis when other treatments have failed. Although not licensed in many other countries [[fumaric acid|fumaric acid esters]] have also been used to treat severe psoriasis in Germany for over 20 years.
 
[[Biologics]] are manufactured proteins that interrupt the immune process involved in psoriasis. Unlike generalised [[immunosuppressive drug|immunosuppressant]] therapies such as methotrexate, biologics focus on specific aspects of the immune function leading to psoriasis. These drugs (interleukin antagonists) are relatively new, and their long-term impact on immune function is unknown. They are very expensive and only suitable for very few patients with psoriasis. Ustekinumab ([[IL-12]] and IL-23 blocker) shows hopeful results for psoriasis therapy.
 
===Alternative therapy===
*[[Antibiotics]] are not indicated in routine treatment of psoriasis. However, antibiotics may be employed when an infection, such as that caused by the bacteria [[Streptococcus]], triggers an outbreak of psoriasis, as in certain cases of guttate psoriasis.
 
*Climatotherapy involves the notion that some diseases can be successfully treated by living in particular climate. Several psoriasis clinics are located throughout the world based on this idea. The Dead Sea is one of the most popular locations for this type of treatment.
 
*In '''Turkey''' & in Croatia (Altermedica), doctor fish which live in the outdoor pools of spas, are encouraged to feed on the psoriatic skin of people with psoriasis. The fish only consume the affected areas of the skin. The outdoor location of the spa may also have a beneficial effect. This treatment can provide temporary relief of symptoms. A revisit to the spas every few months is often required. Best known is the spa “Kangal Thermal Springs”, near the Turkish village of Kavak. According to the testimony of numerous psoriasis patients, the fish lead to a significant relief. This spa is located south of the historic '''silk road''' in '''Anatolia'''. The next big city is '''Sivas'''. Treatment in this hot spring has been examined until now in two small clinical trials, with positive results.<ref> Ozcelik S, Polat HH, Akyol M, Yalcin AN, Ozcelik D, Marufihah M. Kangal hot spring with fish and psoriasis treatment. J Dermatol. 2000 Jun;27(6):386-90.</ref> <ref>Grassberger M, Hoch W. Ichthyotherapy as alternative treatment for patients with psoriasis: a pilot study. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2006 Dec;3(4):483-8.</ref>
 
*Some people subscribe to the view that psoriasis can be effectively managed through a healthy lifestyle.  This view is based on anecdote, and has not been subjected to formal scientific evaluation. Nevertheless, some people report that minimizing stress and consuming a healthy diet, combined with rest, sunshine and swimming in saltwater keep lesions to a minimum.  This type of "lifestyle" treatment is suggested as a long-term management strategy, rather than an initial treatment of severe psoriasis.
 
*A number of patients have reported significant improvements from sun and sea water: unfortunately, salt alone does not have any effect.  Sea water contains so many minerals and different life forms (thousands of species of bacteria alone<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2006/1702359.htm |title=News in Science - Oceans a complex, diverse bug soup - 01/08/2006 |accessdate=2007-07-22 |format= |work=}}</ref>) that it will be hard to determine which of these is causing the observed effects.  Interestingly, people in the tropics differentiate between "live" and "dead" sea water: "live" sea water is water that has never been covered.
 
*Some psoriasis patients use herbology as a holistic approach that aims to treat the underlying causes of psoriasis.  Some alternative therapies consider Oil of Oregano to be a powerful herbal method of treatment.
 
*A psychological symptom management programme has been reported as being a helpful adjunct to traditional therapies in the management of psoriasis.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.refer.nhs.uk/ViewRecord.asp?ID=637&Print=1 |title=Research Findings Register: summary number 637 |accessdate=2007-07-22 |format= |work=}}</ref>
 
*It is claimed that [[Magnesium sulfate|Epsom salt]] may have a positive effect in reducing the effects of psoriasis.(The Home Remedies Handbook)
 
*There are claims that Neem oil has been in documented use in India for 6000 years.  There are claims that this documentation is fraudulent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pinch.com/skin/pshame.html#neem |title=Psoriasis Hall of PShame |accessdate=2007-07-22 |format= |work=}}</ref>
 
*It is claimed that yoga and meditative practices help psoriasis patients by 'detoxifying' the body and by the reduction of stress.
 
* Sulphur has been used for many years as a safe treatment in the alleviation of Psoriasis.
 
* [[Fasting]] is used by some to treat mild forms of psoriasis.
 
==Historical treatment==
The history of psoriasis is littered with treatments of dubious effectiveness and high toxicity. These treatments received brief popularity at particular time periods or within certain geographical regions. The application of cat faeces to red lesions on the skin, for example, was one of the earliest topical treatments employed in ancient Egypt. Onions, sea salt and [[urine]], goose oil and [[semen]], wasp droppings in sycamore milk, and soup made from vipers have all been reported as being ancient treatments.
 
In the more recent past [[Fowler's solution]], which contains a poisonous and carcinogenic [[arsenic]] compound, was used by dermatologists as a treatment for psoriasis during the 18th and 19th centuries. [[Grenz Rays]] (also called ultrasoft X-rays or Bucky rays) was a popular treatment of psoriasis during the middle of the 20th century.  This type of therapy was superseded by ultraviolet therapy.
 
[[Undecylenic acid]] was investigated and used for psoriasis some 40 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | author=Ereaux L, Craig G | title=The Oral Administration Of Undecylenic Acid In The Treatment Of Psoriasis | journal=Canad. M. A. J. | year=1949 | month=Oct | volume=61 | pages=361-4 | url=http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1591667&blobtype=pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2007-01-05}} - see page 4/364 of link</ref>
 
All these treatments have fallen out of favour.
 
Sulphur was fashionable as a treatment for psoriasis in the Victorian and Edwardian eras. It has recently re-gained some credibilty as a safe alternative to steroids and coal tar.
 
==Future drug development==
Historically, agents used to treat psoriasis were discovered by experimentation or by accident. In contrast, current novel therapeutic agents are designed from a better understanding of the immune processes involved in psoriasis and by the specific targeting of molecular mediators. Examples can be seen in the use of biologics which target T cells and TNF inhibitors.
 
It has been suggested that [[cannabis (drug)|marijuana]] might treat psoriasis, due to the anti-inflammatory properties of its [[cannabinoids]], and the regulatory effects of THC on the immune system.<ref name="pmid15857457">{{cite journal |author=Namazi MR |title=Cannabinoids, loratadine and allopurinol as novel additions to the antipsoriatic ammunition |journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology : JEADV |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=319-22 |year=2005 |pmid=15857457 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01184.x}}</ref> The adverse effects of marijuana might be overcome by use of more specific  cannabinoid receptor medications,<ref name="pmid16375686">{{cite journal |author=Fowler CJ |title=Pharmacological properties and therapeutic possibilities for drugs acting upon endocannabinoid receptors |journal=Current drug targets. CNS and neurological disorders |volume=4 |issue=6 |pages=685-96 |year=2005 |pmid=16375686 |doi=}}</ref> to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation.<ref name="pmid17157480">{{cite journal |author=Wilkinson JD, Williamson EM |title=Cannabinoids inhibit human keratinocyte proliferation through a non-CB1/CB2 mechanism and have a potential therapeutic value in the treatment of psoriasis |journal=J. Dermatol. Sci. |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=87-92 |year=2007 |pmid=17157480 |doi=10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.10.009}}</ref>
 
Future innovation should see the creation of additional drugs that refine the targeting of immune-mediators further.<!--
  --><ref name=Nickoloff>{{cite journal |author=Nickoloff BJ, Nestle FO |title=Recent insights into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis provide new therapeutic opportunities |journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=113 |issue=12 |pages=1664-75 |year=2004 |pmid=15199399 |doi=10.1172/JCI200422147}}</ref>
 
Research into [[oligonucleotide|antisense oligonucleotide]]s carries the potential to provide novel therapeutic strategies for treating psoriasis.<!--
  --><ref name=White>{{cite journal |author=White PJ, Atley LM, Wraight CJ |title=Antisense oligonucleotide treatments for psoriasis |journal=Expert opinion on biological therapy |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=75-81 |year=2004 |pmid=14680470 |doi=10.1517/14712598.4.1.75}}</ref>
 
'''ABT-874''' is a human anti-[[IL-12]] [[monoclonal antibody]] being developed by [[Abbott Laboratories]] in conjunction with Cambridge Antibody Technology for the treatment of multiple autoimmune diseases including psoriasis. Phase II trials have been completed and showed promising results.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0PDG/is_7_6/ai_n19395075 Heller M. (2007) Positive results for ABT-874 in the treatment of psoriasis ''J Drugs Dermatol'']</ref> Abbott is planning to initiate Phase III trials in 2007.<ref> http://www.cambridgeantibody.com/home/products/licensed_products/abbott/abt874 </ref>
 
===Pseudoceramides===
On August 27, 2006, scientists led by Jeung-Hoon Lee created in the laboratory synthetic lipids called pseudoceramides which are involved in skin cell growth and could be used in treating skin diseases such as [[atopic dermatitis]], a form of [[eczema]]  characterized by red, flaky and very itchy skin; psoriasis, a disease that causes red scaly patches on the skin; and glucocorticoid-induced epidermal atrophy, in which the skin shrinks due to skin cell loss.<ref>[http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/08/070827184713.htm  Science Daily, New Skin-healing Chemicals]</ref>
 
==Prognosis==
Psoriasis is a lifelong condition.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Jobling R|title=A patient's journey:Psoriasis|journal=Br Med J|year=2007|volume=334|pages=953&ndash;4|doi=10.1136/bmj.39184.615150.802}}</ref> There is currently no cure but various treatments can help to control the symptoms. Many of the most effective agents used to treat severe psoriasis carry an increased risk of significant morbidity including skin cancers, [[lymphoma]] and liver disease. However, the majority of people's experience of psoriasis is that of minor localized patches, particularly on the elbows and knees, which can be treated with topical medication. Psoriasis does get worse over time but it is not possible to predict who will go on to develop extensive psoriasis or those in whom the disease may appear to vanish. Individuals will often experience flares and remissions throughout their lives.  Controlling the signs and symptoms typically requires lifelong therapy.


According to one study,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen JH, Frentz G, Møller H |title=[Psoriasis and cancer] |language=Danish |journal=Ugeskr. Laeg. |volume=155 |issue=35 |pages=2687-91 |year=1993 |pmid=8212383 |doi=}}</ref> psoriasis is linked to 2.5-fold increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancer in men and women, with no preponderance of any specific histologic subtype of cancer. This, however could be linked to antipsoriatic treatment.
==Case Studies==
 
[[Psoriasis case study one|Case #1]]
[[Image:Tegrin1964.jpg|right|thumb|100px|1964 Tegrin advertisement]]
 
=="The heartbreak of psoriasis"==
The phrase "the heartbreak of psoriasis" is often used both seriously and ironically to describe the emotional impact of the disease. It may include both the effect of having a chronic uncomfortable disorder and the social effects of being self conscious of one's appearance. The term can be found in various advertisements for topical and other treatments; conversely, it has been used to mock the tendency of advertisers to exaggerate (or even fabricate) aspects of a malady for financial gain. While many products today use the phrase in their advertising, it originated in a 1960s advertising campaign for Tegrin, a [[coal tar]]-based ointment.
 
==Notable Persons With Psoriasis==
 
* Browyn Sherman- Nail Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis
 
* Musician Shawn Lane Suffered from Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis from the age of 13.
 
*American model and America's Next Top Model, Cycle 7 winner CariDee English suffered from psoriasis since a young age, saying that she wanted to kill herself because she thought she could not be a model with her on-going disease.
 
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
''Some of the information on this page was taken from the following public-domain resource:'' [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/psoriasis/psoriasis.htm "Questions and Answers about Psoriasis"], National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
 
== External links ==
<!-- Please read http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:EL before adding links. Specifically, links to commercial sites and forums are strongly discouraged. Wikipedia is not a collection of links, no matter how useful/helpful. -->
 
=== Research and non-commercial ===


==External Links==
* [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/psoriasis/ffpsoriasis.htm Homepage] at [[National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases]]
* [http://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/psoriasis/ffpsoriasis.htm Homepage] at [[National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases]]
* [http://www.psoriasis.org/home/ National Psoriasis Foundation Homepage]
* [http://www.psoriasis.org/home/ National Psoriasis Foundation Homepage]
* [http://www.psoriasis-cure-now.org/ Psoriasis Cure Now Homepage]
* [http://www.psoriasis-association.org.uk The Psoriasis Association]
* DermAtlas [[http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/quiz.cfm]]
* [http://www.psoriasis-help.org.uk Psoriasis Help Organisation], a private patient information and discussion site


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{{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}}
{{Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue}}


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Latest revision as of 23:52, 29 July 2020

Psoriasis
A young man whose back and arms are affected by psoriasis, source: wikipedia.org

Psoriasis Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2], Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3], Kiran Singh, M.D. [4]

Synonyms and keywords: pustular psoriasis; inverse psoriasis; guttate psoriasis; plaque-type psoriasis; generalized pustular psoriasis; erythrodermic psoriasis; flexural psoriasis; nail psoriasis; drug-induced psoriasis; seborrheic-like psoriasis; soriasis; unstable psoriasis; psoriasis annularis; psoriasis inveterata; plaque psoriasis; drug induced psoriasis; eczematized psoriasis; cutaneous psoriasis; psoriasis wikidoc; psoriatic lesions


Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Psoriasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | X-Ray Findings | CT-Scan Findings | MRI Findings | Other Diagnostic Studies | Other Imaging Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies | Social Impact

Case Studies

Case #1

External Links

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