Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis secondary prevention: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
{{Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AL}}
==Overview==
Secondary prevention for tuberculosis includes methods for screening and early diagnosis, such as [[tuberculin skin test]] (TST) and [[IGRAs]]; and to guarantee the correct treatment regimen at the right time to prevent disease progression.
==Secondary Prevention==
===Screening===
{{further|[[Tuberculosis screening]]}}
=====Tuberculin Skin Test=====
*Children with close contact with a TB confirmed case should be evaluated for tuberculosis infection.
*[[TST]] is the test of choice for screening for tuberculosis infection.
====Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)====
*IGRA can be used in place of (but not in addition to) TST in screening for [[M. tuberculosis]] infection in the following conditions:<ref name="CDC TST">{{cite web|url= http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/testing/IGRA.htm|title= CDC Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) - Blood Tests for TB Infection }}</ref>
:*A patient have received BCG vaccination
:*Groups that historically have poor rates of return for TST reading.
*TST preferred compared to IGRA for TB screening due to its low cost and high accessibility.<ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Hong-Van Tieu]], [[Piyarat Suntarattiwong]], [[Thanyawee Puthanakit]], [[Tawee Chotpitayasunondh]], [[Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit]], [[Sunee Sirivichayakul]], [[Supranee Buranapraditkun]], [[Patcharawee Rungrojrat]], [[Nitiya Chomchey]], [[Simon Tsiouris]], [[Scott Hammer]], [[Vijay Nandi]] & [[Jintanat Ananworanich]]
| title = Comparing interferon-gamma release assays to tuberculin skin test in thai children with tuberculosis exposure
| journal = [[PloS one]]
| volume = 9
| issue = 8
| pages = e105003
| year = 2014
| month =
| doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0105003
| pmid = 25121513
}}</ref>
===Early Diagnosis===
*Early detection of tuberculosis disease is important to give treatment at the appropriate time and prevent complications.
*All patients should be routinely asked about:<ref name="CDC Guidelines"> {{cite web| url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5417a1.htm?s_cid=rr5417a1_e | title=CDC Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005}} </ref>
:* History of TB exposure, infection, or disease
:* Symptoms or signs of TB disease
:* Medical conditions that increase their risk for TB disease
*Patients with the following characteristics should be tested for tuberculosis:<ref name="CDC Guidelines"> {{cite web| url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5417a1.htm?s_cid=rr5417a1_e | title=CDC Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005}} </ref>
:* [[Cough]] for ≥3 weeks
:* [[Loss of appetite]]
:* Unexplained [[weight loss]]
:* [[Night sweats]]
:* [[Hemoptysis]]
:* [[Hoarseness]]
:* [[Fever]]
:* [[Fatigue]]
:* [[Chest pain]]
:* Patient from an endemic area of TB
===Prompt Treatment===
*Empiric therapy should be started as soon as a patient has tuberculosis disease confirmed.
*Sputum specimens should be sent for culture and [[DST]] before starting treatment.
===DOTS-Plus Strategy===
*WHO has devised a new strategy to manage [[MDR-TB]] using the second line of drugs wihin the DOTS strategy in middle and low income countries. They must be implemented in well functioning national [[TB]] programs . The best way to avoid future [[MDR- TB]] epidemics is through prevention of development of future drug resistance.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Needs content]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Bacterial diseases]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Tuberculosis]]
[[Category:Infectious disease]]

Latest revision as of 18:07, 18 September 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2]

Overview

Secondary prevention for tuberculosis includes methods for screening and early diagnosis, such as tuberculin skin test (TST) and IGRAs; and to guarantee the correct treatment regimen at the right time to prevent disease progression.

Secondary Prevention

Screening

Tuberculin Skin Test
  • Children with close contact with a TB confirmed case should be evaluated for tuberculosis infection.
  • TST is the test of choice for screening for tuberculosis infection.

Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs)

  • IGRA can be used in place of (but not in addition to) TST in screening for M. tuberculosis infection in the following conditions:[1]
  • A patient have received BCG vaccination
  • Groups that historically have poor rates of return for TST reading.
  • TST preferred compared to IGRA for TB screening due to its low cost and high accessibility.[2]

Early Diagnosis

  • Early detection of tuberculosis disease is important to give treatment at the appropriate time and prevent complications.
  • All patients should be routinely asked about:[3]
  • History of TB exposure, infection, or disease
  • Symptoms or signs of TB disease
  • Medical conditions that increase their risk for TB disease
  • Patients with the following characteristics should be tested for tuberculosis:[3]

Prompt Treatment

  • Empiric therapy should be started as soon as a patient has tuberculosis disease confirmed.
  • Sputum specimens should be sent for culture and DST before starting treatment.

DOTS-Plus Strategy

  • WHO has devised a new strategy to manage MDR-TB using the second line of drugs wihin the DOTS strategy in middle and low income countries. They must be implemented in well functioning national TB programs . The best way to avoid future MDR- TB epidemics is through prevention of development of future drug resistance.

References

  1. "CDC Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRAs) - Blood Tests for TB Infection".
  2. Hong-Van Tieu, Piyarat Suntarattiwong, Thanyawee Puthanakit, Tawee Chotpitayasunondh, Kulkanya Chokephaibulkit, Sunee Sirivichayakul, Supranee Buranapraditkun, Patcharawee Rungrojrat, Nitiya Chomchey, Simon Tsiouris, Scott Hammer, Vijay Nandi & Jintanat Ananworanich (2014). "Comparing interferon-gamma release assays to tuberculin skin test in thai children with tuberculosis exposure". PloS one. 9 (8): e105003. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105003. PMID 25121513.
  3. 3.0 3.1 "CDC Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings, 2005".

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