Hydronephrosis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Hydronephrosis}}
{{Hydronephrosis}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{CK}}{{Vbe}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
[[Hydronephrosis]] is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between [[kidneys]] and [[urethral]] opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are [[renal calculi]], [[ureteropelvic junction obstruction]], [[vesicoureteric reflux]], [[carcinoma]] involving [[Urinary tract|urinary trac]]<nowiki/>t, prostate enlargement and [[cancer]], [[blood clots]] retention and external compression from [[pelvic]] and [[abdominal]] [[tumors]] such as [[ovarian cysts]], and [[retroperitoneal fibrosis]].
 
OR
 
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
 
OR
 
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
 
OR
 
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]]


==Causes==
==Causes==
Line 30: Line 18:
[[Carcinoma]] involving [[Kidney|kidneys]]  
[[Carcinoma]] involving [[Kidney|kidneys]]  


Sloughed [[renal papilla]]
Sloughed [[renal papilla]] due to [[renal papillary necrosis]]
|-
|-
|Ureter<ref name="pmid28588843">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ochi F, Furuno K, Chong PF, Tezuka J, Mizuno Y, Aoki T, Ishii E |title=Bilateral hydronephrosis due to obstructive ureteral stone associated with norovirus gastroenteritis |journal=Clin Case Rep |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=936–938 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28588843 |pmc=5458008 |doi=10.1002/ccr3.952 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25548725">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iravani O, Tay EW, Bay BH, Ng YK |title=Unilateral ureteric stone associated with gross hydronephrosis and kidney shrinkage: a cadaveric report |journal=Anat Cell Biol |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=267–70 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25548725 |pmc=4276901 |doi=10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.267 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11978339">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hamano H, Kawa S, Ochi Y, Unno H, Shiba N, Wajiki M, Nakazawa K, Shimojo H, Kiyosawa K |title=Hydronephrosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and sclerosing pancreatitis |journal=Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9315 |pages=1403–4 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11978339 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid466958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dholakia AM, Howarth FH |title=The urinary tract in haemophilia |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=533–8 |date=September 1979 |pmid=466958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17991533">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cho KS, Hong SJ, Cho NH, Choi YD |title=Grade of hydronephrosis and tumor diameter as preoperative prognostic factors in ureteral transitional cell carcinoma |journal=Urology |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=662–6 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17991533 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15774597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kamath S, Moody MP, Hammonds JC, Wells IP |title=Papillary necrosis causing hydronephrosis in renal allograft treated by percutaneous retrieval of sloughed papilla |journal=Br J Radiol |volume=78 |issue=928 |pages=346–8 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15774597 |doi=10.1259/bjr/12933217 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26182896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ganzer R, Franz T, Rai BP, Siemer S, Stolzenburg JU |title=[Management of ureteral strictures and hydronephrosis] |language=German |journal=Urologe A |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1147–56 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26182896 |doi=10.1007/s00120-015-3870-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26052193">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sountoulides P, Mykoniatis I, Dimasis N |title=Palliative management of malignant upper urinary tract obstruction |journal=Hippokratia |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=292–7 |date=2014 |pmid=26052193 |pmc=4453800 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29644043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grice PT, Nkwam N |title=Inguinal hernia causing extrinsic compression of bilateral ureters leading to chronic obstructive uropathy |journal=J Surg Case Rep |volume=2018 |issue=4 |pages=rjy062 |date=April 2018 |pmid=29644043 |pmc=5888468 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjy062 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2676751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lund B, Hansen HH |title=Hydronephrosis in advanced ovarian carcinoma |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2676751 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26064410">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu G, Luo M, Xu Y |title=Giant hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults: report of a case and review of literatures |journal=Int J Clin Exp Med |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=4715–7 |date=2015 |pmid=26064410 |pmc=4443244 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27073671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang D, Li H, Gan W |title=Hydronephrosis associated with ureteral metastasis of prostate cancer: A rare case report |journal=Mol Clin Oncol |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=597–598 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27073671 |pmc=4812183 |doi=10.3892/mco.2016.775 |url=}}</ref>
|Ureter<ref name="pmid28588843">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ochi F, Furuno K, Chong PF, Tezuka J, Mizuno Y, Aoki T, Ishii E |title=Bilateral hydronephrosis due to obstructive ureteral stone associated with norovirus gastroenteritis |journal=Clin Case Rep |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=936–938 |date=June 2017 |pmid=28588843 |pmc=5458008 |doi=10.1002/ccr3.952 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25548725">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iravani O, Tay EW, Bay BH, Ng YK |title=Unilateral ureteric stone associated with gross hydronephrosis and kidney shrinkage: a cadaveric report |journal=Anat Cell Biol |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=267–70 |date=December 2014 |pmid=25548725 |pmc=4276901 |doi=10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.267 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11978339">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hamano H, Kawa S, Ochi Y, Unno H, Shiba N, Wajiki M, Nakazawa K, Shimojo H, Kiyosawa K |title=Hydronephrosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and sclerosing pancreatitis |journal=Lancet |volume=359 |issue=9315 |pages=1403–4 |date=April 2002 |pmid=11978339 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid466958">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dholakia AM, Howarth FH |title=The urinary tract in haemophilia |journal=Clin Radiol |volume=30 |issue=5 |pages=533–8 |date=September 1979 |pmid=466958 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17991533">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cho KS, Hong SJ, Cho NH, Choi YD |title=Grade of hydronephrosis and tumor diameter as preoperative prognostic factors in ureteral transitional cell carcinoma |journal=Urology |volume=70 |issue=4 |pages=662–6 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17991533 |doi=10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1106 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15774597">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kamath S, Moody MP, Hammonds JC, Wells IP |title=Papillary necrosis causing hydronephrosis in renal allograft treated by percutaneous retrieval of sloughed papilla |journal=Br J Radiol |volume=78 |issue=928 |pages=346–8 |date=April 2005 |pmid=15774597 |doi=10.1259/bjr/12933217 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26182896">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ganzer R, Franz T, Rai BP, Siemer S, Stolzenburg JU |title=[Management of ureteral strictures and hydronephrosis] |language=German |journal=Urologe A |volume=54 |issue=8 |pages=1147–56 |date=August 2015 |pmid=26182896 |doi=10.1007/s00120-015-3870-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26052193">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sountoulides P, Mykoniatis I, Dimasis N |title=Palliative management of malignant upper urinary tract obstruction |journal=Hippokratia |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=292–7 |date=2014 |pmid=26052193 |pmc=4453800 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29644043">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grice PT, Nkwam N |title=Inguinal hernia causing extrinsic compression of bilateral ureters leading to chronic obstructive uropathy |journal=J Surg Case Rep |volume=2018 |issue=4 |pages=rjy062 |date=April 2018 |pmid=29644043 |pmc=5888468 |doi=10.1093/jscr/rjy062 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2676751">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lund B, Hansen HH |title=Hydronephrosis in advanced ovarian carcinoma |journal=Gynecol. Oncol. |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=27–30 |date=October 1989 |pmid=2676751 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26064410">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hu G, Luo M, Xu Y |title=Giant hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults: report of a case and review of literatures |journal=Int J Clin Exp Med |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=4715–7 |date=2015 |pmid=26064410 |pmc=4443244 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid27073671">{{cite journal |vauthors=Zhang D, Li H, Gan W |title=Hydronephrosis associated with ureteral metastasis of prostate cancer: A rare case report |journal=Mol Clin Oncol |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=597–598 |date=April 2016 |pmid=27073671 |pmc=4812183 |doi=10.3892/mco.2016.775 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25785093">{{cite journal |vauthors=Wang P, Wang XP, Li YY, Jin BY, Xia D, Wang S, Pan H |title=Hydronephrosis due to ureteral endometriosis in women of reproductive age |journal=Int J Clin Exp Med |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=1059–65 |date=2015 |pmid=25785093 |pmc=4358548 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22754123">{{cite journal |vauthors=Colbert G, Richey D, Schwartz JC |title=Widespread tuberculosis including renal involvement |journal=Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=236–9 |date=July 2012 |pmid=22754123 |pmc=3377289 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|[[Ureter|Ureteral]] calculi
|[[Ureter|Ureteral]] calculi


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[[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]
[[Ureteropelvic junction obstruction]]


Extrinsic [[Tumor|tumors]] and masses causing compression and [[hydronephrosis]] (eg, [[inguinal hernia]], retroperitoneal lymph nodes, retroperitoneal tumors, [[prostate cancer]], [[Cervical cancer|cervical]] and [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial tumors]] and [[Abdominal cancer|abdominal malignancies]])
Ureterovesical junction obstruction
 
[[Endometriosis]]
 
Extrinsic [[Tumor|tumors]] and masses causing compression and [[hydronephrosis]] (eg, [[inguinal hernia]], retroperitoneal lymph nodes, retroperitoneal tumors, [[prostate cancer]], [[Cervical cancer|cervical]] and [[Endometrial cancer|endometrial tumors]], tuboovarian abscess and [[Abdominal cancer|abdominal malignancies]])
 
[[Tuberculosis]] (ureteritis cystica)


|-
|-
|Bladder<ref name="pmid9817312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haleblian GE, Skinner EC, Dickinson MG, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Skinner DG |title=Hydronephrosis as a prognostic indicator in bladder cancer patients |journal=J. Urol. |volume=160 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=2011–4 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9817312 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25610281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ofluoglu Y, Aydin HR, Kocaaslan R, Adanur S, Ziypak T |title=A cause of renal dysfunction: a giant bladder stone |journal=Eurasian J Med |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=211–3 |date=October 2013 |pmid=25610281 |pmc=4261423 |doi=10.5152/eajm.2013.41 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20955911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gormley EA |title=Urologic complications of the neurogenic bladder |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=601–7 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20955911 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2010.07.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19838598">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodges SJ, Patel B, McLorie G, Atala A |title=Posterior urethral valves |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1119–26 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19838598 |pmc=5823193 |doi=10.1100/tsw.2009.127 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21896376">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattoo TK |title=Vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy |journal=Adv Chronic Kidney Dis |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=348–54 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21896376 |pmc=3169795 |doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2011.07.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22707903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jung LY, Kang KP, Kim W, Park SK, Lee S |title=Masked hydronephrosis |journal=Korean J. Intern. Med. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=244 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22707903 |pmc=3372815 |doi=10.3904/kjim.2012.27.2.244 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25506035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efe E, Bakacak M, Serin S, Kolus E, Ercan O, Resim S |title=Hormonal treatment for severe hydronephrosis caused by bladder endometriosis |journal=Case Rep Urol |volume=2014 |issue= |pages=891295 |date=2014 |pmid=25506035 |pmc=4251884 |doi=10.1155/2014/891295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28894411">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iqbal S, Raiz I, Faiz I |title=Bilateral Hydroureteronephrosis with a Hypertrophied, Trabeculated Urinary Bladder |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=106–115 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28894411 |pmc=5566069 |doi=10.21315/mjms2017.24.2.14 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22606637">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tazi MF, Riyach O, Ahallal Y, Mellas S, Khallouk A, El Fassi MJ, Farih MH |title=Giant Urinary Bladder and Bilateral Giant Hydronephrosis due to Bladder Neck Obstruction: One Case Report and Literature Review |journal=Case Rep Urol |volume=2012 |issue= |pages=817519 |date=2012 |pmid=22606637 |pmc=3350214 |doi=10.1155/2012/817519 |url=}}</ref>
|Bladder<ref name="pmid9817312">{{cite journal |vauthors=Haleblian GE, Skinner EC, Dickinson MG, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Skinner DG |title=Hydronephrosis as a prognostic indicator in bladder cancer patients |journal=J. Urol. |volume=160 |issue=6 Pt 1 |pages=2011–4 |date=December 1998 |pmid=9817312 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25610281">{{cite journal |vauthors=Ofluoglu Y, Aydin HR, Kocaaslan R, Adanur S, Ziypak T |title=A cause of renal dysfunction: a giant bladder stone |journal=Eurasian J Med |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=211–3 |date=October 2013 |pmid=25610281 |pmc=4261423 |doi=10.5152/eajm.2013.41 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20955911">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gormley EA |title=Urologic complications of the neurogenic bladder |journal=Urol. Clin. North Am. |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=601–7 |date=November 2010 |pmid=20955911 |doi=10.1016/j.ucl.2010.07.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19838598">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hodges SJ, Patel B, McLorie G, Atala A |title=Posterior urethral valves |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=9 |issue= |pages=1119–26 |date=October 2009 |pmid=19838598 |pmc=5823193 |doi=10.1100/tsw.2009.127 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21896376">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mattoo TK |title=Vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy |journal=Adv Chronic Kidney Dis |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=348–54 |date=September 2011 |pmid=21896376 |pmc=3169795 |doi=10.1053/j.ackd.2011.07.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22707903">{{cite journal |vauthors=Jung LY, Kang KP, Kim W, Park SK, Lee S |title=Masked hydronephrosis |journal=Korean J. Intern. Med. |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=244 |date=June 2012 |pmid=22707903 |pmc=3372815 |doi=10.3904/kjim.2012.27.2.244 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25506035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Efe E, Bakacak M, Serin S, Kolus E, Ercan O, Resim S |title=Hormonal treatment for severe hydronephrosis caused by bladder endometriosis |journal=Case Rep Urol |volume=2014 |issue= |pages=891295 |date=2014 |pmid=25506035 |pmc=4251884 |doi=10.1155/2014/891295 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid28894411">{{cite journal |vauthors=Iqbal S, Raiz I, Faiz I |title=Bilateral Hydroureteronephrosis with a Hypertrophied, Trabeculated Urinary Bladder |journal=Malays J Med Sci |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=106–115 |date=March 2017 |pmid=28894411 |pmc=5566069 |doi=10.21315/mjms2017.24.2.14 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22606637">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tazi MF, Riyach O, Ahallal Y, Mellas S, Khallouk A, El Fassi MJ, Farih MH |title=Giant Urinary Bladder and Bilateral Giant Hydronephrosis due to Bladder Neck Obstruction: One Case Report and Literature Review |journal=Case Rep Urol |volume=2012 |issue= |pages=817519 |date=2012 |pmid=22606637 |pmc=3350214 |doi=10.1155/2012/817519 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21446783">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oksay T, Ergun O, Capar E, Koşar A |title=Bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to cystocele |journal=Ren Fail |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=537–9 |date=2011 |pmid=21446783 |doi=10.3109/0886022X.2011.569104 |url=}}</ref>
|[[Bladder cancer]] (eg, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder)
|[[Bladder cancer]] (eg, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder)


Line 66: Line 60:


Bladder-neck obstruction
Bladder-neck obstruction
Cystocele
|-
|-
|Urethra<ref name="pmid23596502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H |title=Urethral stricture: etiology, investigation and treatments |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=110 |issue=13 |pages=220–6 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23596502 |pmc=3627163 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2467012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarmina I, Resnick MI |title=Obstructive uropathy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia |journal=J. Urol. |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=866–9 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2467012 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25161437">{{cite journal |vauthors=Godwin OI, Ayotunde OO |title=Posterior Urethral Valves with Severe Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux in a 3-year-old Boy |journal=Ann Ib Postgrad Med |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=73–6 |date=December 2007 |pmid=25161437 |pmc=4110994 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
|Urethra<ref name="pmid23596502">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H |title=Urethral stricture: etiology, investigation and treatments |journal=Dtsch Arztebl Int |volume=110 |issue=13 |pages=220–6 |date=March 2013 |pmid=23596502 |pmc=3627163 |doi=10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2467012">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sarmina I, Resnick MI |title=Obstructive uropathy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia |journal=J. Urol. |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=866–9 |date=April 1989 |pmid=2467012 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25161437">{{cite journal |vauthors=Godwin OI, Ayotunde OO |title=Posterior Urethral Valves with Severe Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux in a 3-year-old Boy |journal=Ann Ib Postgrad Med |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=73–6 |date=December 2007 |pmid=25161437 |pmc=4110994 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Line 71: Line 67:
[[Prostate]] enlargement ([[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] and [[Hypertrophy (medical)|hypertrophy]])
[[Prostate]] enlargement ([[Benign prostatic hyperplasia]] and [[Hypertrophy (medical)|hypertrophy]])


Urethral Urethral valves ([[Posterior urethral valves]], and anterior urethral valves)
Urethral valves ([[Posterior urethral valves]], and anterior urethral valves)
|}
|}


Line 77: Line 73:
Less common causes of [[disease name]] include:
Less common causes of [[disease name]] include:
* Fungal ball<ref name="pmid11948574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kale H, Narlawar RS, Rathod K |title=Renal fungal ball: an unusual sonographic finding |journal=J Clin Ultrasound |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=178–80 |date=2002 |pmid=11948574 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Fungal ball<ref name="pmid11948574">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kale H, Narlawar RS, Rathod K |title=Renal fungal ball: an unusual sonographic finding |journal=J Clin Ultrasound |volume=30 |issue=3 |pages=178–80 |date=2002 |pmid=11948574 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Ketamine abuse <ref name="pmid25035738">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tran VH, Nelson M, Nogar J, Bramante RM |title=Bilateral hydronephrosis and cystitis resulting from chronic ketamine abuse |journal=West J Emerg Med |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=382–4 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25035738 |pmc=4100838 |doi=10.5811/westjem.2014.4.20571 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Ketamine|Ketamine abuse]] <ref name="pmid25035738">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tran VH, Nelson M, Nogar J, Bramante RM |title=Bilateral hydronephrosis and cystitis resulting from chronic ketamine abuse |journal=West J Emerg Med |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=382–4 |date=July 2014 |pmid=25035738 |pmc=4100838 |doi=10.5811/westjem.2014.4.20571 |url=}}</ref>
* Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in pregnancy.<ref name="pmid3280355">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR |title=Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: a literature survey |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=249–59 |date=March 1988 |pmid=3280355 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Physiologic hydronephrosis may be seen in [[pregnancy]]<ref name="pmid3280355">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR |title=Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: a literature survey |journal=Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=249–59 |date=March 1988 |pmid=3280355 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Pelvic lipomatosis<ref name="pmid17302294">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakata S, Ohtsuka Y, Koya T, Nakano K, Takahashi H |title=[A case of combination with proliferative cystitis and pelvic lipomatosis causing bilateral hydronephrosis] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=37–40 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17302294 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* Pelvic lipomatosis<ref name="pmid17302294">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nakata S, Ohtsuka Y, Koya T, Nakano K, Takahashi H |title=[A case of combination with proliferative cystitis and pelvic lipomatosis causing bilateral hydronephrosis] |language=Japanese |journal=Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=37–40 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17302294 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
 
* Retrocaval ureter<ref name="pmid28769490">{{cite journal |vauthors=Batura D, Saxena VK |title=RETROCAVAL URETER - A RARE CAUSE OF HYDRONEPHROSIS (A Case Report) |journal=Med J Armed Forces India |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=223–225 |date=July 1997 |pmid=28769490 |pmc=5530977 |doi=10.1016/S0377-1237(17)30722-0 |url=}}</ref>
* Ureteral valve and pyeloureteric junction obstruction<ref name="pmid11487081">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kállai L, Torda I, Bély M, Fischer G, Philipp V, Mavrogenis S, Nemere G |title=Pyeloureteral junction stenosis and ureteral valve causing hydronephrosis |journal=Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=245–7 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11487081 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*[[Ureter|Ureteral]] folds
*[[Urinary bladder|Bladder]] diverticula<ref name="pmid3919483">{{cite journal |vauthors=Livne PM, Gonzales ET |title=Congenital bladder diverticula causing ureteral obstruction |journal=Urology |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=273–6 |date=March 1985 |pmid=3919483 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
*Bladder-exstrophy-epispadias complex<ref name="pmid23408557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rasouly HM, Lu W |title=Lower urinary tract development and disease |journal=Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=307–42 |date=2013 |pmid=23408557 |pmc=3627353 |doi=10.1002/wsbm.1212 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Prune belly syndrome]]<ref name="pmid25810678">{{cite journal |vauthors=Samal SK, Rathod S |title=Prune Belly syndrome: A rare case report |journal=J Nat Sci Biol Med |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=255–7 |date=2015 |pmid=25810678 |pmc=4367054 |doi=10.4103/0976-9668.149218 |url=}}</ref>
*[[Phimosis]]<ref name="pmid2069110">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tomita K, Kakizawa Y, Yoshida M |title=[A case of true phimosis with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux] |language=Japanese |journal=Hinyokika Kiyo |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=283–5 |date=March 1991 |pmid=2069110 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 19:20, 23 July 2018

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Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of hydronephrosis, however, complications resulting from untreated hydronephrosis are common.

Common Causes

  • Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions.
  • The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis.
Kidneys[1][2][3][4] Renal calculi

Carcinoma involving kidneys

Sloughed renal papilla due to renal papillary necrosis

Ureter[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Ureteral calculi

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Blood clots retention

Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter

Sloughed papilla and renal papillary necrosis obstructing the ureter

Infections

Ureteral strictures by traumaiatrogenic injuryradiation

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Ureterovesical junction obstruction

Endometriosis

Extrinsic tumors and masses causing compression and hydronephrosis (eg, inguinal hernia, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, retroperitoneal tumors, prostate cancercervical and endometrial tumors, tuboovarian abscess and abdominal malignancies)

Tuberculosis (ureteritis cystica)

Bladder[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Bladder cancer (eg, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder)

Bladder calculi

Neurogenic bladder

Vesicoureteral reflux

Inflammation of the bladder (eg, radiation, endometriosis)

Bladder hypertrophy

Bladder-neck obstruction

Cystocele

Urethra[29][30][31] Urethral strictures (eg, Bacterial urethritis, Indwelling urinary catheter, prostate surgeries, cystoscopy)

Prostate enlargement (Benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy)

Urethral valves (Posterior urethral valves, and anterior urethral valves)

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

References

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