Hydronephrosis causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chandrakala Yannam, MD [2]Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Hydronephrosis is commonly caused by conditions that obstruct urine outflow anywhere between kidneys and urethral opening. It is also caused by non obstructive conditions in some cases. Most common causes of hydronephrosis are renal calculi, ureteropelvic junction obstruction, vesicoureteric reflux, carcinoma involving urinary tract, prostate enlargement and cancer, blood clots retention and external compression from pelvic and abdominal tumors such as ovarian cysts, and retroperitoneal fibrosis.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of hydronephrosis, however, complications resulting from untreated hydronephrosis are common.

Common Causes

  • Hydronephrosis is most commonly caused by urinary tract obstruction anywhere from kidneys to the urethral opening. It is also caused by non-obstructive conditions.
  • The following table summarizes the common causes of hydronephrosis.
Kidneys[1][2][3][4] Renal calculi

Carcinoma involving kidneys

Sloughed renal papilla due to renal papillary necrosis

Ureter[5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Ureteral calculi

Retroperitoneal fibrosis

Blood clots retention

Transitional cell carcinoma of the ureter

Sloughed papilla and renal papillary necrosis obstructing the ureter

Infections

Ureteral strictures by trauma, iatrogenic injury, radiation

Ureteropelvic junction obstruction

Ureterovesical junction obstruction

Endometriosis

Extrinsic tumors and masses causing compression and hydronephrosis (eg, inguinal hernia, retroperitoneal lymph nodes, retroperitoneal tumors, prostate cancer, cervical and endometrial tumors, tuboovarian abscess and abdominal malignancies)

Tuberculosis (ureteritis cystica)

Bladder[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28] Bladder cancer (eg, transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder)

Bladder calculi

Neurogenic bladder

Vesicoureteral reflux

Inflammation of the bladder (eg, radiation, endometriosis)

Bladder hypertrophy

Bladder-neck obstruction

Cystocele

Urethra[29][30][31] Urethral strictures (eg, Bacterial urethritis, Indwelling urinary catheter, prostate surgeries, cystoscopy)

Prostate enlargement (Benign prostatic hyperplasia and hypertrophy)

Urethral valves (Posterior urethral valves, and anterior urethral valves)

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of disease name include:

References

  1. ↑ Mehmet NM, Ender O (May 2015). "Effect of urinary stone disease and its treatment on renal function". World J Nephrol. 4 (2): 271–6. doi:10.5527/wjn.v4.i2.271. PMC 4419137. PMID 25949941.
  2. ↑ Maruyama T, Kubo M, Shinchou M, Hashimoto T, Mitsui Y, Ueda Y, Suzuki T, Higuchi Y, Qui J, Kondoh N, Nojima M, Yamamoto S, Shima H, Hirota S (November 2008). "[Case with renal pelvic carcinoma with giant hydronephrosis]". Hinyokika Kiyo (in Japanese). 54 (11): 727–31. PMID 19068727.
  3. ↑ Abe T, Nakayama J, Kishikawa H, Sekii K, Yoshioka T, Itatani H (February 2005). "[Renal cell carcinoma with hydronephrosis due to pelviureteric junction obstruction: a case report]". Hinyokika Kiyo (in Japanese). 51 (2): 109–12. PMID 15773364.
  4. ↑ Graeb DA, Uhrich P (September 1980). "Diffuse renal transitional cell carcinoma and hydronephrosis". AJR Am J Roentgenol. 135 (3): 620–1. doi:10.2214/ajr.135.3.620. PMID 6773391.
  5. ↑ Ochi F, Furuno K, Chong PF, Tezuka J, Mizuno Y, Aoki T, Ishii E (June 2017). "Bilateral hydronephrosis due to obstructive ureteral stone associated with norovirus gastroenteritis". Clin Case Rep. 5 (6): 936–938. doi:10.1002/ccr3.952. PMC 5458008. PMID 28588843.
  6. ↑ Iravani O, Tay EW, Bay BH, Ng YK (December 2014). "Unilateral ureteric stone associated with gross hydronephrosis and kidney shrinkage: a cadaveric report". Anat Cell Biol. 47 (4): 267–70. doi:10.5115/acb.2014.47.4.267. PMC 4276901. PMID 25548725.
  7. ↑ Hamano H, Kawa S, Ochi Y, Unno H, Shiba N, Wajiki M, Nakazawa K, Shimojo H, Kiyosawa K (April 2002). "Hydronephrosis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis and sclerosing pancreatitis". Lancet. 359 (9315): 1403–4. PMID 11978339.
  8. ↑ Dholakia AM, Howarth FH (September 1979). "The urinary tract in haemophilia". Clin Radiol. 30 (5): 533–8. PMID 466958.
  9. ↑ Cho KS, Hong SJ, Cho NH, Choi YD (October 2007). "Grade of hydronephrosis and tumor diameter as preoperative prognostic factors in ureteral transitional cell carcinoma". Urology. 70 (4): 662–6. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.06.1106. PMID 17991533.
  10. ↑ Kamath S, Moody MP, Hammonds JC, Wells IP (April 2005). "Papillary necrosis causing hydronephrosis in renal allograft treated by percutaneous retrieval of sloughed papilla". Br J Radiol. 78 (928): 346–8. doi:10.1259/bjr/12933217. PMID 15774597.
  11. ↑ Ganzer R, Franz T, Rai BP, Siemer S, Stolzenburg JU (August 2015). "[Management of ureteral strictures and hydronephrosis]". Urologe A (in German). 54 (8): 1147–56. doi:10.1007/s00120-015-3870-8. PMID 26182896.
  12. ↑ Sountoulides P, Mykoniatis I, Dimasis N (2014). "Palliative management of malignant upper urinary tract obstruction". Hippokratia. 18 (4): 292–7. PMC 4453800. PMID 26052193.
  13. ↑ Grice PT, Nkwam N (April 2018). "Inguinal hernia causing extrinsic compression of bilateral ureters leading to chronic obstructive uropathy". J Surg Case Rep. 2018 (4): rjy062. doi:10.1093/jscr/rjy062. PMC 5888468. PMID 29644043.
  14. ↑ Lund B, Hansen HH (October 1989). "Hydronephrosis in advanced ovarian carcinoma". Gynecol. Oncol. 35 (1): 27–30. PMID 2676751.
  15. ↑ Hu G, Luo M, Xu Y (2015). "Giant hydronephrosis secondary to ureteropelvic junction obstruction in adults: report of a case and review of literatures". Int J Clin Exp Med. 8 (3): 4715–7. PMC 4443244. PMID 26064410.
  16. ↑ Zhang D, Li H, Gan W (April 2016). "Hydronephrosis associated with ureteral metastasis of prostate cancer: A rare case report". Mol Clin Oncol. 4 (4): 597–598. doi:10.3892/mco.2016.775. PMC 4812183. PMID 27073671.
  17. ↑ Wang P, Wang XP, Li YY, Jin BY, Xia D, Wang S, Pan H (2015). "Hydronephrosis due to ureteral endometriosis in women of reproductive age". Int J Clin Exp Med. 8 (1): 1059–65. PMC 4358548. PMID 25785093.
  18. ↑ Colbert G, Richey D, Schwartz JC (July 2012). "Widespread tuberculosis including renal involvement". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (3): 236–9. PMC 3377289. PMID 22754123.
  19. ↑ Haleblian GE, Skinner EC, Dickinson MG, Lieskovsky G, Boyd SD, Skinner DG (December 1998). "Hydronephrosis as a prognostic indicator in bladder cancer patients". J. Urol. 160 (6 Pt 1): 2011–4. PMID 9817312.
  20. ↑ Ofluoglu Y, Aydin HR, Kocaaslan R, Adanur S, Ziypak T (October 2013). "A cause of renal dysfunction: a giant bladder stone". Eurasian J Med. 45 (3): 211–3. doi:10.5152/eajm.2013.41. PMC 4261423. PMID 25610281.
  21. ↑ Gormley EA (November 2010). "Urologic complications of the neurogenic bladder". Urol. Clin. North Am. 37 (4): 601–7. doi:10.1016/j.ucl.2010.07.002. PMID 20955911.
  22. ↑ Hodges SJ, Patel B, McLorie G, Atala A (October 2009). "Posterior urethral valves". ScientificWorldJournal. 9: 1119–26. doi:10.1100/tsw.2009.127. PMC 5823193. PMID 19838598.
  23. ↑ Mattoo TK (September 2011). "Vesicoureteral reflux and reflux nephropathy". Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 18 (5): 348–54. doi:10.1053/j.ackd.2011.07.006. PMC 3169795. PMID 21896376.
  24. ↑ Jung LY, Kang KP, Kim W, Park SK, Lee S (June 2012). "Masked hydronephrosis". Korean J. Intern. Med. 27 (2): 244. doi:10.3904/kjim.2012.27.2.244. PMC 3372815. PMID 22707903.
  25. ↑ Efe E, Bakacak M, Serin S, Kolus E, Ercan O, Resim S (2014). "Hormonal treatment for severe hydronephrosis caused by bladder endometriosis". Case Rep Urol. 2014: 891295. doi:10.1155/2014/891295. PMC 4251884. PMID 25506035.
  26. ↑ Iqbal S, Raiz I, Faiz I (March 2017). "Bilateral Hydroureteronephrosis with a Hypertrophied, Trabeculated Urinary Bladder". Malays J Med Sci. 24 (2): 106–115. doi:10.21315/mjms2017.24.2.14. PMC 5566069. PMID 28894411.
  27. ↑ Tazi MF, Riyach O, Ahallal Y, Mellas S, Khallouk A, El Fassi MJ, Farih MH (2012). "Giant Urinary Bladder and Bilateral Giant Hydronephrosis due to Bladder Neck Obstruction: One Case Report and Literature Review". Case Rep Urol. 2012: 817519. doi:10.1155/2012/817519. PMC 3350214. PMID 22606637.
  28. ↑ Oksay T, Ergun O, Capar E, Koşar A (2011). "Bilateral hydronephrosis secondary to cystocele". Ren Fail. 33 (5): 537–9. doi:10.3109/0886022X.2011.569104. PMID 21446783.
  29. ↑ Tritschler S, Roosen A, Füllhase C, Stief CG, Rübben H (March 2013). "Urethral stricture: etiology, investigation and treatments". Dtsch Arztebl Int. 110 (13): 220–6. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0220. PMC 3627163. PMID 23596502.
  30. ↑ Sarmina I, Resnick MI (April 1989). "Obstructive uropathy in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia". J. Urol. 141 (4): 866–9. PMID 2467012.
  31. ↑ Godwin OI, Ayotunde OO (December 2007). "Posterior Urethral Valves with Severe Unilateral Vesicoureteral Reflux in a 3-year-old Boy". Ann Ib Postgrad Med. 5 (2): 73–6. PMC 4110994. PMID 25161437.
  32. ↑ Kale H, Narlawar RS, Rathod K (2002). "Renal fungal ball: an unusual sonographic finding". J Clin Ultrasound. 30 (3): 178–80. PMID 11948574.
  33. ↑ Tran VH, Nelson M, Nogar J, Bramante RM (July 2014). "Bilateral hydronephrosis and cystitis resulting from chronic ketamine abuse". West J Emerg Med. 15 (4): 382–4. doi:10.5811/westjem.2014.4.20571. PMC 4100838. PMID 25035738.
  34. ↑ Rasmussen PE, Nielsen FR (March 1988). "Hydronephrosis during pregnancy: a literature survey". Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 27 (3): 249–59. PMID 3280355.
  35. ↑ Nakata S, Ohtsuka Y, Koya T, Nakano K, Takahashi H (January 2007). "[A case of combination with proliferative cystitis and pelvic lipomatosis causing bilateral hydronephrosis]". Nippon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi (in Japanese). 98 (1): 37–40. PMID 17302294.
  36. ↑ Batura D, Saxena VK (July 1997). "RETROCAVAL URETER - A RARE CAUSE OF HYDRONEPHROSIS (A Case Report)". Med J Armed Forces India. 53 (3): 223–225. doi:10.1016/S0377-1237(17)30722-0. PMC 5530977. PMID 28769490.
  37. ↑ Kállai L, Torda I, Bély M, Fischer G, Philipp V, Mavrogenis S, Nemere G (June 2001). "Pyeloureteral junction stenosis and ureteral valve causing hydronephrosis". Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol. 35 (3): 245–7. PMID 11487081.
  38. ↑ Livne PM, Gonzales ET (March 1985). "Congenital bladder diverticula causing ureteral obstruction". Urology. 25 (3): 273–6. PMID 3919483.
  39. ↑ Rasouly HM, Lu W (2013). "Lower urinary tract development and disease". Wiley Interdiscip Rev Syst Biol Med. 5 (3): 307–42. doi:10.1002/wsbm.1212. PMC 3627353. PMID 23408557.
  40. ↑ Samal SK, Rathod S (2015). "Prune Belly syndrome: A rare case report". J Nat Sci Biol Med. 6 (1): 255–7. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.149218. PMC 4367054. PMID 25810678.
  41. ↑ Tomita K, Kakizawa Y, Yoshida M (March 1991). "[A case of true phimosis with bilateral hydroureteronephrosis and bilateral vesicoureteral reflux]". Hinyokika Kiyo (in Japanese). 37 (3): 283–5. PMID 2069110.

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