Conjunctivitis risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 21: Line 21:
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis===
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis===
Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include:<ref name="pmid19995198">{{cite journal| author=Gichuhi S, Bosire R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Gichuhi C, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E et al.| title=Risk factors for neonatal conjunctivitis in babies of HIV-1 infected mothers. | journal=Ophthalmic Epidemiol | year= 2009 | volume= 16 | issue= 6 | pages= 337-45 | pmid=19995198 | doi=10.3109/09286580903144746 | pmc=3223245 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19995198  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15871630">{{cite journal| author=Zar HJ| title=Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment. | journal=Paediatr Drugs | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-10 | pmid=15871630 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15871630  }} </ref><ref name="pmid982267">{{cite journal| author=Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA| title=Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1976 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=982267 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=982267  }} </ref>
Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include:<ref name="pmid19995198">{{cite journal| author=Gichuhi S, Bosire R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Gichuhi C, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E et al.| title=Risk factors for neonatal conjunctivitis in babies of HIV-1 infected mothers. | journal=Ophthalmic Epidemiol | year= 2009 | volume= 16 | issue= 6 | pages= 337-45 | pmid=19995198 | doi=10.3109/09286580903144746 | pmc=3223245 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19995198  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15871630">{{cite journal| author=Zar HJ| title=Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment. | journal=Paediatr Drugs | year= 2005 | volume= 7 | issue= 2 | pages= 103-10 | pmid=15871630 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15871630  }} </ref><ref name="pmid982267">{{cite journal| author=Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA| title=Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates. | journal=Surv Ophthalmol | year= 1976 | volume= 21 | issue= 2 | pages= 100-5 | pmid=982267 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=982267  }} </ref>
*[[Maternal infections]]          
*[[Maternal infections]] harbored in the mother's birth canal         
*[[HIV]] infected mothers
*[[HIV]] infected mothers
*Exposure of the infant to infectious organisms                      
*Exposure of the infant to infectious organisms    
*[[Premature rupture of membrane]]                 
*Inadequacy of ocular prophylaxis after birth  
*Inadequacy of ocular prophylaxis after birth  
*Silver nitrate exposure             
*Silver nitrate exposure             

Revision as of 15:28, 18 July 2016

Conjunctivitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Conjunctivitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Conjunctivitis risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Conjunctivitis risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Conjunctivitis risk factors

CDC on Conjunctivitis risk factors

Conjunctivitis risk factors in the news

Blogs on Conjunctivitis risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Conjunctivitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Conjunctivitis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor in the development of conjunctivitis is an exposure to an individual infected with either viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis. Common risk factors in the development of conjunctivitis are poor hygienic habits,contaminated personal articles, history of ocular diseases (dry eye, blepharitis, and anatomic abnormalities of the ocular surface), recent ocular surgery, medication use, and history of autoimmune disorders. Additionally, vaginal delivery is a risk factor for conjunctivitis in babies born to mothers infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis.[1][2]

Risk Factors

Infective Conjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of infective conjunctivitis include:[2][3][4]

  • Poor hygienic habits
  • Poor contact lens hygiene
  • Contaminated personal articles
  • Crowded living or social conditions (elementary schools, military barracks)
  • History of cular diseases including dry eye, blepharitis, and anatomic abnormalities of the ocular surface and lids
  • Recent ocular surgery, exposed sutures, or ocular foreign bodies
  • Chronic use of topical medications
  • Immune compromise
  • Winter/Summer months (bacterial conjunctivitis peaks in the winter and viral conjunctivitis peaks in the summer)

Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include:[5][6][7]

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of allergic conjunctivitis include:[8][9]

  • Pollen from trees, grass
  • Animal skin and secretions such as saliva
  • Perfumes
  • Cosmetics
  • Air pollution
  • Smok
  • Spring/Summer months

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

Common risk factors in the development of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) include:[10][11][12]

Superior Limbic Keratoconjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK) include:[13][14]

  • Mechanical soft-tissue microtrauma (conjunctiva laxity)
  • Morphologic changes in superior conjunctival
  • Prolonged eyelid closure

References

  1. Epling J (2010). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907624. PMID 21718563.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T (2010). "Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care". Am Fam Physician. 81 (2): 137–44. PMID 20082509.
  3. Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG, Hendley JO, Benjamin J, Dickens M; et al. (1981). "Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children". J Pediatr. 98 (4): 531–6. PMID 6970802.
  4. Tagliaferri A, Love TE, Szczotka-Flynn LB (2014). "Risk factors for contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis associated with silicone hydrogel contact lens wear". Eye Contact Lens. 40 (3): 117–22. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000019. PMC 4113198. PMID 24681609.
  5. Gichuhi S, Bosire R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Gichuhi C, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E; et al. (2009). "Risk factors for neonatal conjunctivitis in babies of HIV-1 infected mothers". Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 16 (6): 337–45. doi:10.3109/09286580903144746. PMC 3223245. PMID 19995198.
  6. Zar HJ (2005). "Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment". Paediatr Drugs. 7 (2): 103–10. PMID 15871630.
  7. Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA (1976). "Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates". Surv Ophthalmol. 21 (2): 100–5. PMID 982267.
  8. Hsieh VC, Liu CC, Hsiao YC, Wu TN (2016). "Risk of Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, and Eczema in Children Born to Mothers with Gum Inflammation during Pregnancy". PLoS One. 11 (5): e0156185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156185. PMC 4880316. PMID 27224053.
  9. Borish L (2003). "Allergic rhinitis: systemic inflammation and implications for management". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 112 (6): 1021–31. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.015. PMID 14657851.
  10. Gumus K, Cavanagh DH (2009). "The role of inflammation and antiinflammation therapies in keratoconjunctivitis sicca". Clin Ophthalmol. 3: 57–67. PMC 2709015. PMID 19668545.
  11. Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC (1998). "The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands". Cornea. 17 (6): 584–9. PMID 9820935.
  12. Zhang X, Zhao L, Deng S, Sun X, Wang N (2016). "Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Etiology, and Clinical Characteristics". J Ophthalmol. 2016: 8201053. doi:10.1155/2016/8201053. PMC 4861815. PMID 27213053.
  13. Nelson JD (1989). "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)". Eye (Lond). 3 ( Pt 2): 180–9. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.26. PMID 2695351.
  14. Chelala E, El Rami H, Dirani A, Fakhoury H, Fadlallah A (2015). "Extensive superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in Graves' disease: case report and mini-review of the literature". Clin Ophthalmol. 9: 467–8. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S79561. PMC 4362972. PMID 25792798.


Template:WikiDoc Sources