Conjunctivitis risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 21: Line 21:
*Chronic use of topical medications
*Chronic use of topical medications
*[[Immune compromise]]
*[[Immune compromise]]
* Winter/Summer months ([Bacterial]] conjunctivitis shows a peak occurrence in the winter and [[viral]] conjunctivitis peaks in the summer)
* Winter/Summer months ([[Bacterial]] conjunctivitis shows a peak occurrence in the winter and [[viral]] conjunctivitis peaks in the summer)


===Neonatal Conjunctivitis===
===Neonatal Conjunctivitis===

Revision as of 15:39, 29 June 2016

Conjunctivitis Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Conjunctivitis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Chest X Ray

CT

MRI

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Case Studies

Case #1

Conjunctivitis risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Conjunctivitis risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Conjunctivitis risk factors

CDC on Conjunctivitis risk factors

Conjunctivitis risk factors in the news

Blogs on Conjunctivitis risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Conjunctivitis

Risk calculators and risk factors for Conjunctivitis risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sara Mehrsefat, M.D. [2]

Overview

The most potent risk factor for conjunctivitis is exposure to an individual infected with either the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis. Vaginal delivery is a risk factor for conjunctivitis in babies born to mothers infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis.[1]

Risk Factors

People who are exposed to someone infected with the viral or bacterial form of conjunctivitis are at risk for developing conjunctivitis. Additionally, babies born to mothers infected with either Neisseria gonorrhoeae or Chlamydia trachomatis are at an increased risk for conjunctivitis. During delivery, these babies can contract ophthalmia neonatorum, a form of bacterial conjunctivitis when their eyes are exposed to the bacteria in the birth canal. It must be treated immediately to prevent blindness. [1][2]

Infective Conjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of infective conjunctivitis include:[2][3][4]

  • Poor hygienic habits
  • Poor contact lens hygiene
  • Contaminated cosmetics
  • Crowded living or social conditions (elementary schools, military barracks)
  • Ocular diseases including dry eye, blepharitis, and anatomic abnormalities of the ocular surface and lids
  • Recent ocular surgery, exposed sutures or ocular foreign bodies
  • Chronic use of topical medications
  • Immune compromise
  • Winter/Summer months (Bacterial conjunctivitis shows a peak occurrence in the winter and viral conjunctivitis peaks in the summer)

Neonatal Conjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of neonatal conjunctivitis include:[5][6][7]

  • Maternal infections
  • HIV infected mothers
  • Exposure of the infant to infectious organisms
  • Inadequacy of ocular prophylaxis after birth
  • Silver nitrate exposure
  • Ocular trauma during delivery
  • Mechanical ventilation
  • Prematurity
  • Poor prenatal care
  • Poor hygienic delivery conditions

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of allergic conjunctivitis include:[8][9]

  • Pollen from trees, grass
  • Animal skin and secretions such as saliva
  • Perfumes
  • Cosmetics
  • Air pollution
  • Smok
  • Spring and summer months

Keratoconjunctivitis

Common risk factors in the development of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome) include:[10][11][12]

Common risk factors in the development of superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis include:[13][14]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Epling J (2010). "Bacterial conjunctivitis". BMJ Clin Evid. 2010. PMC 2907624. PMID 21718563.
  2. 2.0 2.1 Cronau H, Kankanala RR, Mauger T (2010). "Diagnosis and management of red eye in primary care". Am Fam Physician. 81 (2): 137–44. PMID 20082509.
  3. Gigliotti F, Williams WT, Hayden FG, Hendley JO, Benjamin J, Dickens M; et al. (1981). "Etiology of acute conjunctivitis in children". J Pediatr. 98 (4): 531–6. PMID 6970802.
  4. Tagliaferri A, Love TE, Szczotka-Flynn LB (2014). "Risk factors for contact lens-induced papillary conjunctivitis associated with silicone hydrogel contact lens wear". Eye Contact Lens. 40 (3): 117–22. doi:10.1097/ICL.0000000000000019. PMC 4113198. PMID 24681609.
  5. Gichuhi S, Bosire R, Mbori-Ngacha D, Gichuhi C, Wamalwa D, Maleche-Obimbo E; et al. (2009). "Risk factors for neonatal conjunctivitis in babies of HIV-1 infected mothers". Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 16 (6): 337–45. doi:10.3109/09286580903144746. PMC 3223245. PMID 19995198.
  6. Zar HJ (2005). "Neonatal chlamydial infections: prevention and treatment". Paediatr Drugs. 7 (2): 103–10. PMID 15871630.
  7. Nahmias AJ, Visintine AM, Caldwell DR, Wilson LA (1976). "Eye infections with herpes simplex viruses in neonates". Surv Ophthalmol. 21 (2): 100–5. PMID 982267.
  8. Hsieh VC, Liu CC, Hsiao YC, Wu TN (2016). "Risk of Allergic Rhinitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis, and Eczema in Children Born to Mothers with Gum Inflammation during Pregnancy". PLoS One. 11 (5): e0156185. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156185. PMC 4880316. PMID 27224053.
  9. Borish L (2003). "Allergic rhinitis: systemic inflammation and implications for management". J Allergy Clin Immunol. 112 (6): 1021–31. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2003.09.015. PMID 14657851.
  10. Gumus K, Cavanagh DH (2009). "The role of inflammation and antiinflammation therapies in keratoconjunctivitis sicca". Clin Ophthalmol. 3: 57–67. PMC 2709015. PMID 19668545.
  11. Stern ME, Beuerman RW, Fox RI, Gao J, Mircheff AK, Pflugfelder SC (1998). "The pathology of dry eye: the interaction between the ocular surface and lacrimal glands". Cornea. 17 (6): 584–9. PMID 9820935.
  12. Zhang X, Zhao L, Deng S, Sun X, Wang N (2016). "Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: Prevalence, Etiology, and Clinical Characteristics". J Ophthalmol. 2016: 8201053. doi:10.1155/2016/8201053. PMC 4861815. PMID 27213053.
  13. Nelson JD (1989). "Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis (SLK)". Eye (Lond). 3 ( Pt 2): 180–9. doi:10.1038/eye.1989.26. PMID 2695351.
  14. Chelala E, El Rami H, Dirani A, Fakhoury H, Fadlallah A (2015). "Extensive superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in Graves' disease: case report and mini-review of the literature". Clin Ophthalmol. 9: 467–8. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S79561. PMC 4362972. PMID 25792798.


Template:WikiDoc Sources