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*Physical examination of [[Patient|patients]] with [[cirrhosis]] is usually remarkable for: [[jaundice]], [[Spider angioma|spider angiomata]], [[ascites]], [[asterixis]], [[Splenomegaly|spleenomegaly]] and [[palmar erythema]].  
*Physical examination of [[Patient|patients]] with [[cirrhosis]] is usually remarkable for: [[jaundice]], [[Spider angioma|spider angiomata]], [[ascites]], [[asterixis]], [[Splenomegaly|spleenomegaly]] and [[palmar erythema]].  


===Appearance of the Patient===
===Appearance of the patient===
*[[Patient|Patients]] with [[cirrhosis]] usually appear weak due to constitutional [[Symptom|symptoms]] such as [[weight loss]], [[anorexia]] and [[muscle atrophy]]. Yellowish discoloration of [[skin]] and [[abdominal distension]] may also be present due to [[ascites]].  
*[[Patient|Patients]] with [[cirrhosis]] usually appear weak due to constitutional [[Symptom|symptoms]] such as [[weight loss]], [[anorexia]] and [[muscle atrophy]]. Yellowish discoloration of [[skin]] and [[abdominal distension]] may also be present due to [[ascites]].  


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<gallery widths="250px">
<gallery widths="250px">


Telingectasia1.jpg||thumb|200px|Telingectasias <br> Source:Wikimedia commons<ref name="urlFile:Teleangiektasie.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Teleangiektasie.jpg |title=File:Teleangiektasie.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Telingectasia1.jpg||thumb|200px|Telingectasias <br> Source: Wikimedia commons  
Image:Palmar erythema 1.jpg|thumb|Palmar erythema <br> Source:Wikimedia commons<ref name="urlFile:Kawasaki symptoms D.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kawasaki_symptoms_D.jpg |title=File:Kawasaki symptoms D.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
Image:Palmar erythema 1.jpg|thumb|Palmar erythema <br> Source: Wikimedia commons<ref name="urlFile:Kawasaki symptoms D.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kawasaki_symptoms_D.jpg |title=File:Kawasaki symptoms D.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


</gallery>
</gallery>
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===HEENT===
===HEENT===
* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include thinning of hair on the scalp due to [[hyperestrogenism]]
* Abnormalities of the head/hair may include thinning of hair on the scalp due to [[hyperestrogenism]]
* '''[[Kayser-Fleischer ring]]s:''' dark rings that appear to encircle the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] of the [[eye]] in [[Patient|patients]] with [[Wilson's disease]].
* '''[[Kayser-Fleischer ring]]s:''' dark rings that appear to encircle the [[iris (anatomy)|iris]] of the [[eye]] in [[Patient|patients]] with [[Wilson's disease]]<ref name="pmid28573989">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sridhar MS, Rangaraju A, Anbarasu K, Reddy SP, Daga S, Jayalakshmi S, Shaik B |title=Evaluation of Kayser-Fleischer ring in Wilson disease by anterior segment optical coherence tomography |journal=Indian J Ophthalmol |volume=65 |issue=5 |pages=354–357 |year=2017 |pmid=28573989 |pmc=5565897 |doi=10.4103/ijo.IJO_400_16 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Parotid gland]] enlargement
* [[Parotid gland]] enlargement
* [[Fetor hepaticus]]: severe portal-systemic shunting leads to increased levels of [[dimethyl sulfide]] leads to a sweet pungent smell in the breath
* [[Fetor hepaticus]]: severe portal-systemic shunting leads to increased levels of [[dimethyl sulfide]] leads to a sweet pungent smell in the breath
<gallery widths="250px">
[[File:Output WVsMqP (1).gif|500px|center|thumb|Liver Cirhhosis <br> Source: Wikimedia commons]]


Kayser-Fleischer ring.jpg|left|thumb|Kayser-Fleischer ring <br> Source:Wikimedia commons <ref name="urlFile:Kayser-Fleischer ring.jpg - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Kayser-Fleischer_ring.jpg |title=File:Kayser-Fleischer ring.jpg - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
</gallery>
===Abdomen===
===Abdomen===
* Inspection:
* Inspection:
** [[Abdominal distension]]  
** [[Abdominal distension]]  
** [[Caput medusae]]
** [[Caput medusae]]<ref name="KimKeum2014">{{cite journal|last1=Kim|first1=SH|last2=Keum|first2=B|last3=Kim|first3=ES|last4=Jeen|first4=YT|last5=Chun|first5=HJ|title=Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic: Caput medusae|journal=Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology|volume=29|issue=12|year=2014|pages=1952–1952|issn=08159319|doi=10.1111/jgh.12802}}</ref><ref name="pmid24818343">{{cite journal |vauthors=Chandail VS, Jamwal V |title=Caput medusae |journal=J Assoc Physicians India |volume=61 |issue=8 |pages=564 |year=2013 |pmid=24818343 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


* Palpation:
* Palpation:
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*** Diminished by: application of [[pressure]] on the [[skin]] above the [[Navel|umbilicus]]
*** Diminished by: application of [[pressure]] on the [[skin]] above the [[Navel|umbilicus]]
<gallery widths="250px">
<gallery widths="250px">
|[[image:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|300px|Abdominal distention, ascites-By James Heilman, MD (Own work) <ref name="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", CC BY-SA 3.0>, <"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHepaticfailure.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</ref>]]
 
image:Hepaticfailure.jpg|thumb|300px|Abdominal distention, ascites-By James Heilman, MD (Own work) <ref name="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0", CC BY-SA 3.0>, <"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AHepaticfailure.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</ref>
</gallery>
</gallery>
{{#ev:youtube|8LDUtAAUJBc}}
{{#ev:youtube|CHUBTgrU3Oc}}
===Genitourinary===
===Genitourinary===
*[[Testicular atrophy]] 
*[[Testicular atrophy]] 
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*[[Edema]] of the lower extremities
*[[Edema]] of the lower extremities
*[[Muscle atrophy]]
*[[Muscle atrophy]]
*Nail changes:
*Nail changes:<ref name="pmid13316143">{{cite journal |vauthors=MUEHRCKE RC |title=The finger-nails in chronic hypoalbuminaemia; a new physical sign |journal=Br Med J |volume=1 |issue=4979 |pages=1327–8 |year=1956 |pmid=13316143 |pmc=1980060 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Muehrcke nails: paired horizontal white bands separated by normal color due to [[hypoalbuminemia]]  
**Muehrcke nails: paired horizontal white bands separated by normal color due to [[hypoalbuminemia]] <ref name="pmid27104368">{{cite journal |vauthors=Callemeyn J, Van Haecke P, Peetermans WE, Blockmans D |title=Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: insights in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical significance |journal=Acta Clin Belg |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=123–30 |year=2016 |pmid=27104368 |doi=10.1080/17843286.2016.1152672 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid24350360">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gibb C, Smith PJ, Miller R |title=Clubbing |journal=Br J Hosp Med (Lond) |volume=74 |issue=11 |pages=C170–2 |year=2013 |pmid=24350360 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23099284">{{cite journal |vauthors=Morán LM, Ariza A |title=Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated to liver cirrhosis |journal=Reumatol Clin |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=248–9 |year=2013 |pmid=23099284 |doi=10.1016/j.reuma.2012.06.010 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid22534387">{{cite journal |vauthors=Tully AS, Trayes KP, Studdiford JS |title=Evaluation of nail abnormalities |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=85 |issue=8 |pages=779–87 |year=2012 |pmid=22534387 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid19888943">{{cite journal |vauthors=Salem A, Gamil H, Hamed M, Galal S |title=Nail changes in patients with liver disease |journal=J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=649–54 |year=2010 |pmid=19888943 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03476.x |url=}}</ref>
**Terry nails: the proximal two-thirds of the nail plate appears white, whereas the distal one-third is red due to [[hypoalbuminemia]]  
**Terry nails: the proximal two-thirds of the nail plate appears white, whereas the distal one-third is red due to [[hypoalbuminemia]]  
** [[Clubbing]]:  the angle between the nail plate and proximal nail fold is greater than 180 degrees
** [[Clubbing]]:  the angle between the nail plate and proximal nail fold is greater than 180 degrees
**Severe [[clubbing]]:  
**Severe [[clubbing]]:  
***"Drum stick" appearance of distal fingers   
***"Drum stick" appearance of distal fingers   
***[[Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy|Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy]]: chronic proliferative [[periostitis]] of the [[long bones]]   
***[[Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy|Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy]]: chronic proliferative [[periostitis]] of the [[long bones]] <ref name="pmid27935768">{{cite journal |vauthors=Yap FY, Skalski MR, Patel DB, Schein AJ, White EA, Tomasian A, Masih S, Matcuk GR |title=Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy: Clinical and Imaging Features |journal=Radiographics |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=157–195 |year=2017 |pmid=27935768 |doi=10.1148/rg.2017160052 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid8017989">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pitt P, Mowat A, Williams R, Hamilton E |title=Hepatic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and liver transplantation |journal=Ann. Rheum. Dis. |volume=53 |issue=5 |pages=338–40 |year=1994 |pmid=8017989 |pmc=1005335 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
*[[Dupuytrens contracture|Dupuytren's contracture]] may cause flexion deformities of the fingers: This occurs due to shortening and thickening of the palmar fascia, due to collagen deposition and fibroblastic proliferation.   
*[[Dupuytrens contracture|Dupuytren's contracture]] may cause flexion deformities of the fingers: This occurs due to shortening and thickening of the palmar fascia, due to collagen deposition and fibroblastic proliferation.<ref name="pmid28505213">{{cite journal |vauthors=Auld T, Werntz JR |title=Dupuytren's disease: How to recognize its early signs |journal=J Fam Pract |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=E5–E10 |year=2017 |pmid=28505213 |doi= |url=}}</ref>  
*[[Asterixis]] in cases with [[hepatic encephalopathy]]  
*[[Asterixis]] in cases with [[hepatic encephalopathy]]<ref name="pmid24372275">{{cite journal |vauthors=Butz M, Timmermann L, Gross J, Pollok B, Südmeyer M, Kircheis G, Häussinger D, Schnitzler A |title=Cortical activation associated with asterixis in manifest hepatic encephalopathy |journal=Acta Neurol. Scand. |volume=130 |issue=4 |pages=260–7 |year=2014 |pmid=24372275 |doi=10.1111/ane.12217 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20842766">{{cite journal |vauthors=Mendizabal M, Silva MO |title=Images in clinical medicine. Asterixis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=363 |issue=9 |pages=e14 |year=2010 |pmid=20842766 |doi=10.1056/NEJMicm0911157 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid20412035">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schiano TD |title=Clinical management of hepatic encephalopathy |journal=Pharmacotherapy |volume=30 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=10S–5S |year=2010 |pmid=20412035 |doi=10.1592/phco.30.pt2.10S |url=}}</ref>
<gallery widths="250px">
<gallery widths="250px">


256px-Dupuytren's2010.JPG|left|thumb|Dupuytren's contracture  <br> Source:Wikimedia commons <ref name="urlFile:Dupuytrens2010.JPG - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dupuytren%27s2010.JPG |title=File:Dupuytren's2010.JPG - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
256px-Dupuytren's2010.JPG|left|thumb|Dupuytren's contracture  <br> Source: Wikimedia commons  
Dupuytren´s Contracture on the ring finger.jpg|thumb|300px|Dupuytren´s Contracture on the ring finger <ref name="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", CC BY-SA 4.0>, <"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADupuytren%C2%B4s_Contracture_on_the_ring_finger.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</ref>
Dupuytren´s Contracture on the ring finger.jpg|thumb|300px|Dupuytren´s Contracture on the ring finger <ref name="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0", CC BY-SA 4.0>, <"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADupuytren%C2%B4s_Contracture_on_the_ring_finger.jpg">via Wikimedia Commons</ref>
Phy exam.jpg|thumb|Clubbing: angle between the nail plate and proximal nail fold is greater than 180 degrees  <br> Source: Wikimedia commons
File:Nail.gif|thumb|center|300px|Muehrcke's nails: paired horizontal white bands separated by normal color  <br> Source:Wikimedia commons <ref name="urlFile:Muehrckes lines.JPG - Wikimedia Commons">{{cite web |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Muehrcke%27s_lines.JPG |title=File:Muehrcke's lines.JPG - Wikimedia Commons |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
</gallery>
</gallery>
=== Chest findings ===
=== Chest findings ===
* [[Gynecomastia]]: due to increased estradiol levels  
* [[Gynecomastia]]: due to increased estradiol levels  

Latest revision as of 19:41, 19 December 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sudarshana Datta, MD [2]

Overview

Patients with cirrhosis usually present with signs of jaundice, palmar erythema, spider angiomata, gynaecomastia and alteration of mental status arising due to complications of cirrhosis. Abdominal examination may show signs of abdominal distension, caput medusae, splenomegaly and flank dullness on percussion. Other findings on examination include nail changes, presence of Clubbing, dupuytren's contracture(flexion deformities of the fingers) and Asterixis in cases with hepatic encephalopathy.

Physical Examination

Appearance of the patient

Skin

  • Telingectasias Source: Wikimedia commons

    Telingectasias
    Source: Wikimedia commons

  • Palmar erythema Source: Wikimedia commons[2]

    Palmar erythema
    Source: Wikimedia commons[2]

{{#ev:youtube|RT-8OzD9j00}}

HEENT

Liver Cirhhosis
Source: Wikimedia commons

Abdomen

  • Palpation:
    • Fluid wave
    • Hepatomegaly may be present in initial stages. The liver may also be normal or shrunken.
    • Spleenomegaly may be present in patients with cirrhosis from nonalcoholic etiologies, due to portal hypertension
  • Percussion:
    •  Flank dullness may be present due to ascites (needs approximately 1500ml for detection)
  • Abdominal distention, ascites-By James Heilman, MD (Own work)

    Abdominal distention, ascites-By James Heilman, MD (Own work)

{{#ev:youtube|8LDUtAAUJBc}} {{#ev:youtube|CHUBTgrU3Oc}}

Genitourinary

Neuromuscular

{{#ev:youtube|Or65nOrcz1A}}

Extremities

  • Dupuytren's contracture Source: Wikimedia commons

    Dupuytren's contracture
    Source: Wikimedia commons

  • Dupuytren´s Contracture on the ring finger

    Dupuytren´s Contracture on the ring finger

  • Clubbing: angle between the nail plate and proximal nail fold is greater than 180 degrees Source: Wikimedia commons

    Clubbing: angle between the nail plate and proximal nail fold is greater than 180 degrees
    Source: Wikimedia commons

  • Muehrcke's nails: paired horizontal white bands separated by normal color Source:Wikimedia commons [18]

    Muehrcke's nails: paired horizontal white bands separated by normal color
    Source:Wikimedia commons [18]

Chest findings 

Other findings

References

  1. ↑ Li CP, Lee FY, Hwang SJ; et al. (1999). "Spider angiomas in patients with liver cirrhosis: role of alcoholism and impaired liver function". Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 34 (5): 520–3. PMID 10423070.
  2. ↑ "File:Kawasaki symptoms D.jpg - Wikimedia Commons".
  3. ↑ Sridhar MS, Rangaraju A, Anbarasu K, Reddy SP, Daga S, Jayalakshmi S, Shaik B (2017). "Evaluation of Kayser-Fleischer ring in Wilson disease by anterior segment optical coherence tomography". Indian J Ophthalmol. 65 (5): 354–357. doi:10.4103/ijo.IJO_400_16. PMC 5565897. PMID 28573989.
  4. ↑ Kim, SH; Keum, B; Kim, ES; Jeen, YT; Chun, HJ (2014). "Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic: Caput medusae". Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. 29 (12): 1952–1952. doi:10.1111/jgh.12802. ISSN 0815-9319.
  5. ↑ Chandail VS, Jamwal V (2013). "Caput medusae". J Assoc Physicians India. 61 (8): 564. PMID 24818343.
  6. ↑ MUEHRCKE RC (1956). "The finger-nails in chronic hypoalbuminaemia; a new physical sign". Br Med J. 1 (4979): 1327–8. PMC 1980060. PMID 13316143.
  7. ↑ Callemeyn J, Van Haecke P, Peetermans WE, Blockmans D (2016). "Clubbing and hypertrophic osteoarthropathy: insights in diagnosis, pathophysiology, and clinical significance". Acta Clin Belg. 71 (3): 123–30. doi:10.1080/17843286.2016.1152672. PMID 27104368.
  8. ↑ Gibb C, Smith PJ, Miller R (2013). "Clubbing". Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 74 (11): C170–2. PMID 24350360.
  9. ↑ Morán LM, Ariza A (2013). "Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy associated to liver cirrhosis". Reumatol Clin. 9 (4): 248–9. doi:10.1016/j.reuma.2012.06.010. PMID 23099284.
  10. ↑ Tully AS, Trayes KP, Studdiford JS (2012). "Evaluation of nail abnormalities". Am Fam Physician. 85 (8): 779–87. PMID 22534387.
  11. ↑ Salem A, Gamil H, Hamed M, Galal S (2010). "Nail changes in patients with liver disease". J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 24 (6): 649–54. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2009.03476.x. PMID 19888943.
  12. ↑ Yap FY, Skalski MR, Patel DB, Schein AJ, White EA, Tomasian A, Masih S, Matcuk GR (2017). "Hypertrophic Osteoarthropathy: Clinical and Imaging Features". Radiographics. 37 (1): 157–195. doi:10.1148/rg.2017160052. PMID 27935768.
  13. ↑ Pitt P, Mowat A, Williams R, Hamilton E (1994). "Hepatic hypertrophic osteoarthropathy and liver transplantation". Ann. Rheum. Dis. 53 (5): 338–40. PMC 1005335. PMID 8017989.
  14. ↑ Auld T, Werntz JR (2017). "Dupuytren's disease: How to recognize its early signs". J Fam Pract. 66 (3): E5–E10. PMID 28505213.
  15. ↑ Butz M, Timmermann L, Gross J, Pollok B, Südmeyer M, Kircheis G, Häussinger D, Schnitzler A (2014). "Cortical activation associated with asterixis in manifest hepatic encephalopathy". Acta Neurol. Scand. 130 (4): 260–7. doi:10.1111/ane.12217. PMID 24372275.
  16. ↑ Mendizabal M, Silva MO (2010). "Images in clinical medicine. Asterixis". N. Engl. J. Med. 363 (9): e14. doi:10.1056/NEJMicm0911157. PMID 20842766.
  17. ↑ Schiano TD (2010). "Clinical management of hepatic encephalopathy". Pharmacotherapy. 30 (5 Pt 2): 10S–5S. doi:10.1592/phco.30.pt2.10S. PMID 20412035.
  18. ↑ "File:Muehrcke's lines.JPG - Wikimedia Commons".

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