Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome physical examination: Difference between revisions
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Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome Microchapters |
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:
Overview
Physical Examination
- The physical examination in autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome is variable and depends upon the subtype and the involved organ.
- APS can involve a number of organs and the most common conditions associated with APS are described below.
Addisons's disease
'Appearance The patient may be dehydrated and lethargic.[1]
Vitals
Skin
- Pigmented skin and mucous membranes - darkening (hyperpigmentation) of the skin, including areas not exposed to the sun; characteristic sites are skin creases (e.g. of the hands), nipples, and the inside of the cheek (buccal mucosa), also old scars may darken.
- Vitiligo may be present.
- Absence of axillary and pubic hair in females as a result of loss of adrenal androgens.
- Pallor may be present.
Neck
- Goiter may be present.
Extremities
Neurologic
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Physical examination of type 1 DM include:[2][3][4][5]
| Examination findings | Classic new onset | Diabetic ketoacidosis |
|---|---|---|
| Appearance of patient | Patient is usually well appearing | Patients are ill appearing, may be confused or in state of coma |
| Vital Signs | Pulse rate- Normal
Temperature- Normal Blood pressure- Normal Respiratory rate- Normal Oxygen saturation- Normal Blood glucose level- Elevated |
Pulse rate- Tachycardia with regular rhythm, weak volume
Temperature- Normal or elevated or hypothermia Blood pressure- Low blood pressure Respiratory rate-
Oxygen saturation- usually normal but some cases may have low oxygen saturation. Blood glucose level- markedly elevated |
| Skin | Skin examination is usually normal, but in some cases may reveal dry skin | Poor skin turgor because of dehydration |
| HEENT | HEENT examination is usually normal, in some cases eye examination may reveal opacity of lens(Cataract) | Dry mucous membrane, eyes may appear sunken because of dehydration |
| Neck | Neck examination is normal | Neck examination is normal |
| Lungs | Lungs examination is normal | Lungs examination is usually normal, but in some cases lung examination may reveal underlying triggering causes of diabetes ketoacidosis eg: pneumonia |
| Heart | Heart examination is normal | Heart examination is usually normal |
| Abdomen | Abdominal examination is normal | Abdominal tenderness may be elicited |
| Back | Back examination is normal | Back examination is usually normal |
| Genitourinary | Genitourinary examination is usually normal | Genitourinary examination is usually normal |
| Extremities | Extremities examination is usually normal, some cases may elicit finding of decreased sensation in the extremities | Extremities examination is usually normal |
| Neuromuscular | Neuromuscular examination is usually normal, | Neuromuscular examination is usually normal |
Hypoparthyroidism
- Physical examination of patients with hypoparathyroidism is usually due to hypocalcemia.[6][7]
- The presence of tetany on physical examination is diagnostic of hypocalcemia which is commonly caused by hypoparathyroidism.[8]
- The presence of Chvostek's sign and Trousseau's sign on physical examination is highly suggestive of hypocalcemia which is commonly caused by hypoparathyroidism.[9]
Appearance of the Patient
- Patients with hypoparathyroidism usually have neuromuscular irritability and may appear dysphoric.
Vital Signs
Skin Careful examination of skin around neck should be done for surgical scar.
Common signs present are:
HEENT Some patients may have:
- Subcapsular cataracts
- Papilledema[10]
Lungs
Some patients may have:
Heart' Some patients may have:
- Palpitation
- Signs of congestive heart failure such as fluid overload (S3 gallop)[11]
- Signs of cardiomyopathy[12]
Abdomen Some patients may have:
Neuromuscular Most common presentation is due to neuromuscular irritability. It present as:
- Tetany
- Chvostek's sign: Facial twitching, especially around the mouth. It is elicited by tapping the cheek (2 cm anterior to the earlobe below the zygomatic process) over the path of the facial nerve. Ipsilateral twitching of the upper lip is considered as positive sign.
- Trousseau's sign: Painful carpal spasm. It is elicited by inflating a blood pressure cuff around the arm to a pressure 20 mm Hg above obliteration of the radial pulse for 3-5 minutes.
- Tingling, burning, and/or numbness in the fingertips, toes and lips
- Muscle weakness
Some patients may have extrapyramidal signs (due to calcification of basal ganglia):[13]
Psychiatric Some patients may have psychiatric manifestations:[14][15]
Extremities Some patients may have:
- Edema due to cardiac dysfunction
References
- ↑ Sarkar SB, Sarkar S, Ghosh S, Bandyopadhyay S (2012). "Addison's disease". Contemp Clin Dent. 3 (4): 484–6. doi:10.4103/0976-237X.107450. PMC 3636818. PMID 23633816.
- ↑ http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0501/p1705.pdf
- ↑ Type 1 Diabetes mellitus "Dennis Kasper, Anthony Fauci, Stephen Hauser, Dan Longo, J. Larry Jameson, Joseph Loscalzo"Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 19e Accessed on December 27th,2016
- ↑ http://spectrum.diabetesjournals.org/content/15/1/28
- ↑ "ADA".
- ↑ Abate EG, Clarke BL (2016). "Review of Hypoparathyroidism". Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 7: 172. doi:10.3389/fendo.2016.00172. PMC 5237638. PMID 28138323.
- ↑ Cooper MS, Gittoes NJ (2008). "Diagnosis and management of hypocalcaemia". BMJ. 336 (7656): 1298–302. doi:10.1136/bmj.39582.589433.BE. PMC 2413335. PMID 18535072.
- ↑ Schafer, AL; Shoback, DM. De Groot, LJ; Chrousos, G; Dungan, K; et al., eds. Hypocalcemia: Diagnosis and Treatment. [Updated 2016 Jan 3]. Endotext [Internet].: South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000-.
- ↑ Shoback D (2008). "Clinical practice. Hypoparathyroidism". N. Engl. J. Med. 359 (4): 391–403. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp0803050. PMID 18650515.
- ↑ Sheldon RS, Becker WJ, Hanley DA, Culver RL (1987). "Hypoparathyroidism and pseudotumor cerebri: an infrequent clinical association". Can J Neurol Sci. 14 (4): 622–5. PMID 3690435.
- ↑ Levine SN, Rheams CN (1985). "Hypocalcemic heart failure". Am. J. Med. 78 (6 Pt 1): 1033–5. PMID 4014262.
- ↑ Kudoh C, Tanaka S, Marusaki S, Takahashi N, Miyazaki Y, Yoshioka N, Hayashi M, Shimamoto K, Kikuchi K, Iimura O (1992). "Hypocalcemic cardiomyopathy in a patient with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism". Intern. Med. 31 (4): 561–8. PMID 1633370.
- ↑ Basak RC (2009). "A case report of Basal Ganglia calcification - a rare finding of hypoparathyroidism". Oman Med J. 24 (3): 220–2. doi:10.5001/omj.2009.44. PMC 3251182. PMID 22224190.
- ↑ Arlt W, Fremerey C, Callies F, Reincke M, Schneider P, Timmermann W, Allolio B (2002). "Well-being, mood and calcium homeostasis in patients with hypoparathyroidism receiving standard treatment with calcium and vitamin D". Eur. J. Endocrinol. 146 (2): 215–22. PMID 11834431.
- ↑ Lin KF, Chen KH, Huang WL (2015). "Organic anxiety in a woman with breast cancer receiving denosumab". Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 37 (2): 192.e7–8. doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2015.01.007. PMID 25772947.