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*In the '''early 1990s''', it was noted that arsenic trioxide could induce remission in a high proportion of patients.<ref name="pmid25885425">{{cite journal| author=Coombs CC, Tavakkoli M, Tallman MS| title=Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future. | journal=Blood Cancer J | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= | pages= e304 | pmid=25885425 | doi=10.1038/bcj.2015.25 | pmc=4450325 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25885425 }} </ref> | *In the '''early 1990s''', it was noted that arsenic trioxide could induce remission in a high proportion of patients.<ref name="pmid25885425">{{cite journal| author=Coombs CC, Tavakkoli M, Tallman MS| title=Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future. | journal=Blood Cancer J | year= 2015 | volume= 5 | issue= | pages= e304 | pmid=25885425 | doi=10.1038/bcj.2015.25 | pmc=4450325 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25885425 }} </ref> | ||
*In '''1980''', Breitman and colleagues showed that all-''trans'' retinoic acid could lead to the differentiation of the HL-60 cell line of myeloid leukemia.<ref name="pmid28352191">{{cite journal| author=McCulloch D, Brown C, Iland H| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: current perspectives. | journal=Onco Targets Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= | pages= 1585-1601 | pmid=28352191 | doi=10.2147/OTT.S100513 | pmc=5359123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28352191 }} </ref> This was the first demonstration that differentiation therapy could treat leukemia. This concept was based on the fact that most cancers are primitive and stem-like, which leads to aggressive and chemo-resistant cellular behavior. Blockade of stemness and induction of differentiation could lead to anti-cancer effect. | *In '''1980''', Breitman and colleagues showed that all-''trans'' retinoic acid could lead to the differentiation of the HL-60 cell line of myeloid leukemia.<ref name="pmid28352191">{{cite journal| author=McCulloch D, Brown C, Iland H| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: current perspectives. | journal=Onco Targets Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= | pages= 1585-1601 | pmid=28352191 | doi=10.2147/OTT.S100513 | pmc=5359123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28352191 }} </ref> This was the first demonstration that differentiation therapy could treat leukemia. This concept was based on the fact that most cancers are primitive and stem-like, which leads to aggressive and chemo-resistant cellular behavior. Blockade of stemness and induction of differentiation could lead to anti-cancer effect. | ||
*In '''1988''', Huang and colleagues showed that all-''trans'' retinoic acid could successfully treat acute promyelocytic leukemia in 24 patients. The complete remission rate was more tan 90%.<ref name="pmid28352191">{{cite journal| author=McCulloch D, Brown C, Iland H| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: current perspectives. | journal=Onco Targets Ther | year= 2017 | volume= 10 | issue= | pages= 1585-1601 | pmid=28352191 | doi=10.2147/OTT.S100513 | pmc=5359123 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28352191 }} </ref> | |||
*In '''1995''', D. Head and colleagues showed that higher remission rates and higher survival rates could be achieved with higher doses of [[daunorubicin]], with a survival rate of 61% after 9 years and a 0% relapse after 36 months.<ref name="pmid7655004">{{cite journal| author=Head D, Kopecky KJ, Weick J, Files JC, Ryan D, Foucar K et al.| title=Effect of aggressive daunomycin therapy on survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia. | journal=Blood | year= 1995 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 1717-28 | pmid=7655004 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7655004 }} </ref> | *In '''1995''', D. Head and colleagues showed that higher remission rates and higher survival rates could be achieved with higher doses of [[daunorubicin]], with a survival rate of 61% after 9 years and a 0% relapse after 36 months.<ref name="pmid7655004">{{cite journal| author=Head D, Kopecky KJ, Weick J, Files JC, Ryan D, Foucar K et al.| title=Effect of aggressive daunomycin therapy on survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia. | journal=Blood | year= 1995 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 1717-28 | pmid=7655004 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7655004 }} </ref> | ||
*In '''2013''', LoCoco and colleagues showed that, in a randomized phase 3 multicenter clinical trial, a non-chemotherapy-based regimen was superior to a chemotherapy-based regimen for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid23841729">{{cite journal| author=Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S et al.| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 2 | pages= 111-21 | pmid=23841729 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1300874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23841729 }} </ref> Specifically, the combination of all-''trans'' retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide resulted in improved overall survival compared to the combination of all-''trans'' retinoic acid plus chemotherapy. This landmark clinical trial, which was conducted by the Italian and German-Austrian Leukemia Study Groups, altered the treatment paradigm for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid23841729">{{cite journal| author=Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S et al.| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 2 | pages= 111-21 | pmid=23841729 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1300874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23841729 }} </ref> | *In '''2013''', LoCoco and colleagues showed that, in a randomized phase 3 multicenter clinical trial, a non-chemotherapy-based regimen was superior to a chemotherapy-based regimen for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid23841729">{{cite journal| author=Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S et al.| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 2 | pages= 111-21 | pmid=23841729 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1300874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23841729 }} </ref> Specifically, the combination of all-''trans'' retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide resulted in improved overall survival compared to the combination of all-''trans'' retinoic acid plus chemotherapy. This landmark clinical trial, which was conducted by the Italian and German-Austrian Leukemia Study Groups, altered the treatment paradigm for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia.<ref name="pmid23841729">{{cite journal| author=Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S et al.| title=Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2013 | volume= 369 | issue= 2 | pages= 111-21 | pmid=23841729 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1300874 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23841729 }} </ref> | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Shyam Patel [2]
Overview
Historical perspective
- In 1957, Leif Hillestad described acute promyelocytic leukemia as a distinct clinical condition for the first time. He noted the syndrome of low fibrinogen levels, fibrin degradation, and life-threatening hemorrhage.[1] It was noted that this condition carried a high mortality rate due to severe hemorrhage.[2]
- In 1973, Bernard and colleagues showed in clinical studies that therapeutic efficacy of daunorubicin, an chemotherapy agent of the anthracycline class. This medication was shown to induce remission in the majority of patients, with an increase in remission rate from 13% to 58%. The median duration of remission with daunorubicin was more than 2 years. Compared to 6-mercaptopurine, daunorubicin was shown to reduce mortality from bleeding after 5 days.[2]
- In the early 1990s, it was noted that arsenic trioxide could induce remission in a high proportion of patients.[2]
- In 1980, Breitman and colleagues showed that all-trans retinoic acid could lead to the differentiation of the HL-60 cell line of myeloid leukemia.[1] This was the first demonstration that differentiation therapy could treat leukemia. This concept was based on the fact that most cancers are primitive and stem-like, which leads to aggressive and chemo-resistant cellular behavior. Blockade of stemness and induction of differentiation could lead to anti-cancer effect.
- In 1988, Huang and colleagues showed that all-trans retinoic acid could successfully treat acute promyelocytic leukemia in 24 patients. The complete remission rate was more tan 90%.[1]
- In 1995, D. Head and colleagues showed that higher remission rates and higher survival rates could be achieved with higher doses of daunorubicin, with a survival rate of 61% after 9 years and a 0% relapse after 36 months.[3]
- In 2013, LoCoco and colleagues showed that, in a randomized phase 3 multicenter clinical trial, a non-chemotherapy-based regimen was superior to a chemotherapy-based regimen for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia.[4] Specifically, the combination of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide resulted in improved overall survival compared to the combination of all-trans retinoic acid plus chemotherapy. This landmark clinical trial, which was conducted by the Italian and German-Austrian Leukemia Study Groups, altered the treatment paradigm for low-risk acute promyelocytic leukemia.[4]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 McCulloch D, Brown C, Iland H (2017). "Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: current perspectives". Onco Targets Ther. 10: 1585–1601. doi:10.2147/OTT.S100513. PMC 5359123. PMID 28352191.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Coombs CC, Tavakkoli M, Tallman MS (2015). "Acute promyelocytic leukemia: where did we start, where are we now, and the future". Blood Cancer J. 5: e304. doi:10.1038/bcj.2015.25. PMC 4450325. PMID 25885425.
- ↑ Head D, Kopecky KJ, Weick J, Files JC, Ryan D, Foucar K; et al. (1995). "Effect of aggressive daunomycin therapy on survival in acute promyelocytic leukemia". Blood. 86 (5): 1717–28. PMID 7655004.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lo-Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M, Thiede C, Orlando SM, Iacobelli S; et al. (2013). "Retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide for acute promyelocytic leukemia". N Engl J Med. 369 (2): 111–21. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1300874. PMID 23841729.